TABLE 1.
Demographics and Baseline Characteristics of Patients with Parkinson's Disease by Treatment Group
| DBS (n = 26) | Control (n = 28) | Total (n = 54) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 63.18 (8.5) | 65.27 (7.6) | 64.27 (8.1) | 0.35 |
| Sex, n (col %) | 0.90 | |||
| Male | 21 (80.8) | 23 (82.1) | 44 (81.5) | |
| Female | 5 (19.2) | 5 (17.9) | 10 (18.5) | |
| Race, n (col %) | 0.18 | |||
| White | 23 (88.5) | 28 (100) | 51 (94.4) | |
| Black | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.7) | |
| Asian | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | |
| Ethnicity, n (col %) | 0.17 | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 0 (0) | 2 (7.1) | 2 (3.7) | |
| Non‐Hispanic, Non‐Latino | 26 (100) | 26 (92.9) | 52 (96.3) | |
| Marital status, n (col %) | 0.25 | |||
| Married | 22 (84.6) | 23 (82.1) | 45 (83.3) | |
| Single | 1 (3.8) | 4 (14.3) | 5 (9.3) | |
| Divorced | 3 (11.5) | 1 (3.6) | 4 (7.4) | |
| Separated | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Widowed | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Education, mean (SD) | 15.15 (3.2) | 15.92 (2.35) | 15.54 (2.8) | 0.32 |
| Clinical | ||||
| Disease duration, mean (SD) | 6.77 (4.4) | 9.26 (5.71) | 8.04 (5.2) | 0.08 |
| MDS‐UPDRS part III mean (SD) off* | 38.57 (11.6) | Data not available | ||
| LEDD, mean (SD) | 1045.5 (516.6) | 793.7 (397.6) | 915 (471.8) | 0.05 |
| LED‐DA, mean (SD) | 63.1 (122.8) | 101.9 (144.3) | 83.2 (134.6) | 0.29 |
| ICD symptoms | ||||
| QUIP‐RS score, mean (SD) | 8.58 (10.7) | 5.29 (6.9) | 6.87 (9.0) | 0.18 |
| QUIP‐RS ≥10, n (col %) | 0.27 | |||
| No | 18 (69.2) | 23 (82.1) | 41 (75.9) | |
| Yes | 8 (30.8) | 5 (17.9) | 13 (24.1) | |
| DDS score | 1.73 (3.18) | 0.46 (1.60) | 1.07 (2.55) | 0.76 |
| Hobbyism score | 2.42 (2.58) | 2.11 (2.95) | 2.26 (2.76) | 0.36 |
| Punding score | 2.15 (2.46) | 1.71 (2.80) | 1.93 (2.63) | 0.54 |
| ICD by DSM‐IV criteria | 2 (7.7) | 1 (3.6) | 3 (5.6) | 0.51 |
Note: MDS‐UPRS scores were not available for controls.
Abbreviations: DBS, deep brain stimulation; DDS, dopamine dysregulation syndrome; ICD, impulse control disorder; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; LED‐DA, levodopa equivalent dose from dopamine agonist; MDS‐UPDRS, movement disorder society‐sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale; QUIP‐RS, questionnaire for impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease rating scale.
MDS‐UPDRS part III was administered in the medication off state during preoperative clinical evaluation, after withholding dopaminergic medications overnight. MDS‐UPDRS III scores are missing on two patients in the DBS group.