TABLE 2.

Distribution of usual intake of nutrients during pregnancy from foods among participants (n = 2450),¹ relative to DRI

	Total vitamin A	Retinol only	Vitamin D	Total folate	Folic acid only	Calcium	Iron	ω-3 FAs
	(mcg RAE)	(mcg RAE)	(mcg)	(mcg DFE)	(mcg DFE)	(mg)	(mg)	(mg)
Participants aged 14–18 y (n = 141) rowhead
Estimated average requirement2	530		10	520		1000	23	100
Tolerable upper limit		28003	100		13333	3000	45	-
Percent at risk of inadequate intake4	42%		96%	45%		55%	94%	67%
Mean intake by percentile rowhead
Fifth	276	216	2	305	164	531	9	34
10th	332	263	3	351	201	617	10	41
25th	434	347	3	433	269	768	13	56
50th	574	461	5	541	366	964	15	79
75th	741	597	6	669	485	1183	18	111
90th	916	737	8	799	613	1402	22	151
95th	1043	840	10	894	707	1559	24	183
Participants aged 19–50 y (n = 2309) rowhead
Estimated average requirement	550		10	520		800	22	100
Tolerable upper limit		30003	100		16673	2500	45	-
Percent at risk of inadequate intake4	26%		95%	34%		30%	83%	50%
Mean intake by percentile rowhead
Fifth	354	224	2	337	158	614	10	39
10th	419	270	3	386	193	705	11	48
25th	546	360	4	478	263	873	13	67
50th	712	479	5	596	360	1083	16	99
75th	911	622	7	734	481	1320	19	157
90th	1118	770	9	877	613	1557	23	1956
95th	1255	868	10	971	703	1711	25	2561
Target supplementation4,5 rowhead
Aged 14–18 y	≥198	≤2063	7–92	169–720		383–1598	13–23	≥59
Aged 19–50 y	≥131	≤2230	7–91	134–1054		95–943	11–22	≥52
Aged 14–50 y	≥198	≤2063	7–91	169–720		383–943	13–22	≥59

DFE, dietary folate equivalent; RAE, retinol activity equivalent. ¹Mean intake at selected percentiles obtained with the NCI measurement error method and the probability approach. ²Not defined for ω-3 FAs; we selected 100 mg on the basis of the 2018 Cochrane review reporting benefits of ≥100 mg/d supplementation of long-chain ω-3 FAs for maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes (17). ³UL applies only to preformed retinol for vitamin A (mcg RAE) and synthetic folic acid for folate (mcg DFE). ⁴Defined as the proportion with intake below the estimated average requirement (or adequate intake level, for ω-3 FAs). ⁵Defined as the range that results in ≤10% having intakes below the estimated average requirement or adequate intake and ≤10% having intakes above the tolerable upper limit.