Fig 1.

(a, c, e) Time plots of Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ ratio across postoperative Days 1–4 and (b, d, f) change from baseline on postoperative Day 1. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine the postoperative Day 1 change in each biomarker (paired data). Based on Cook's distances, two, three, and three outliers were excluded for Aβ40, Aβ42, and AβR, respectively. Red triangles indicate participants diagnosed with postoperative delirium, and blue circles represent those without delirium. The red and blue lines represent smoothed LOESS regression curves for participants with and without delirium, respectively. Aβ, amyloid beta; AβR, amyloid beta ratio; DRS, Delirium Rating Scale; LOESS, locally estimated scatterplot smoothing; POD, postoperative day.