TABLE.
Participant characteristics according to quartiles of refined grain intake in the discovery and validation sets of within the PETALS cohort (2014–2019)
| Refined grain intake, quartiles | Discovery set (n = 261) |
Validation set (n = 374) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |
| Total, n (%) | 65 (24.9) | 65 (24.9) | 66 (25.3) | 65 (24.9) | 93 (24.9) | 93 (24.9) | 95 (25.4) | 93 (24.9) |
| Refined grain intake, serving, mean ± SD | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 2.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 2.4 |
| Age at delivery, years, n (%) | ||||||||
| <25 | 3 (4.6) | 6 (9.2) | 4 (6.1) | 7 (10.8) | 12 (12.9) | 8 (8.6) | 8 (8.4) | 19 (20.4) |
| 25–29 | 12 (18.5) | 15 (23.1) | 9 (13.6) | 14 (21.5) | 19 (20.5) | 28 (30.1) | 24 (25.3) | 26 (27.9) |
| 30–34 | 30 (46.2) | 31 (47.7) | 31 (47.0) | 24 (36.9) | 38 (40.8) | 37 (39.8) | 43 (45.3) | 28 (30.1) |
| ≥35 | 20 (30.8) | 13 (20.0) | 22 (33.3) | 20 (30.8) | 24 (25.8) | 20 (21.5) | 20 (21.1) | 20 (21.6) |
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 18 (27.7) | 22 (33.8) | 28 (42.4) | 18 (27.7) | 20 (21.4) | 22 (23.6) | 32 (33.6) | 26 (28.1) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 5 (7.7) | 5 (7.7) | 5 (7.6) | 9 (13.8) | 19 (20.3) | 12 (12.9) | 18 (18.9) | 28 (30.1) |
| Hispanic | 25 (38.5) | 18 (27.7) | 19 (28.8) | 18 (27.7) | 24 (26.0) | 22 (23.6) | 27 (28.6) | 24 (25.8) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 15 (23.1) | 14 (21.5) | 11 (16.7) | 17 (26.2) | 30 (32.3) | 37 (39.9) | 18 (18.9) | 15 (16.1) |
| Other/unknown | 2 (3.1) | 6 (9.2) | 3 (4.5) | 3 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||||
| High school or less | 5 (7.7) | 6 (9.2) | 10 (15.2) | 7 (10.8) | 7 (7.5) | 9 (9.7) | 12 (12.6) | 19 (20.5) |
| Some college/associate degree | 30 (46.2) | 27 (41.5) | 24 (36.4) | 24 (36.9) | 31 (33.4) | 31 (33.3) | 28 (29.4) | 39 (42.0) |
| College degree or higher | 30 (46.2) | 32 (49.2) | 32 (48.5) | 34 (52.3) | 55 (59.1) | 53 (57.0) | 55 (58.0) | 35 (37.5) |
| Nulliparity, n (%) | 31 (47.7) | 31 (47.7) | 28 (42.4) | 30 (46.2) | 52 (55.8) | 48 (51.6) | 35 (36.9) | 39 (42.0) |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | ||||||||
| <18.5 | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.0) | 1 (1.5) | 4 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (2.1) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 24 (36.9) | 23 (35.4) | 19 (28.8) | 28 (43.1) | 38 (40.7) | 43 (46.2) | 33 (34.6) | 38 (40.7) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 26 (40.0) | 15 (23.1) | 20 (30.3) | 16 (24.6) | 28 (30.0) | 20 (21.4) | 32 (33.8) | 27 (29.1) |
| ≥30.0 | 13 (20.0) | 27 (41.5) | 25 (37.9) | 20 (30.8) | 23 (25.0) | 30 (32.3) | 28 (29.5) | 26 (28.1) |
| Chronic hypertension, n (%) | 5 (7.7) | 6 (9.2) | 2 (3.0) | 2 (3.1) | 7 (7.5) | 4 (4.3) | 5 (5.2) | 8 (8.6) |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 11 (16.9) | 18 (27.7) | 16 (24.2) | 20 (30.8) | 20 (21.6) | 23 (24.7) | 28 (29.5) | 19 (20.4) |
| Smoking before and during pregnancy, n (%) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (6.1) | 3 (4.6) | 2 (2.1) | 4 (4.3) | 7 (7.5) | 4 (4.4) |
| Alcohol use before and during pregnancy, n (%) | 31 (47.7) | 40 (61.5) | 39 (59.1) | 37 (56.9) | 52 (55.9) | 51 (54.9) | 52 (54.8) | 48 (51.7) |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d, mean ± SD | 1065.6 ± 421.0 | 1283.2 ± 346.1 | 1485.5 ± 415.6 | 2275.1 ± 864.1 | 1077.7 ± 383.3 | 1401.3 ± 361.4 | 1716.6 ± 513.0 | 2495.4 ± 875.0 |
| aHEI-P score, mean ± SD | 59.0 ± 11.8 | 57.5 ± 11.1 | 58.4 ± 9.9 | 61.1 ± 12.4 | 56.2 ± 11.7 | 60.4 ± 10.8 | 58.2 ± 9.5 | 63.3 ± 12.7 |
| Gestational weeks at blood collection, mean ± SD | 13.4 ± 2.3 | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 13.3 ± 2.1 | 13.5 ± 2.1 | 13.6 ± 0.2 | 13.3 ± 0.3 | 13.6 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.2 |
| Fasting status at blood collection, n (%) | 56 (86.2) | 56 (86.2) | 58 (87.9) | 58 (89.2) | 92 (98.9) | 93 (100.0) | 94 (99.0) | 92 (98.9) |
aHEI-P, Alternate Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy.