Figure 27.

Polymerase chain reaction. (a) Schematic showing DNA extraction and the photo-PCR of bacterial cells. Reprinted with permission from ref (780). Copyright 2017 Ivyspring International Publisher under the CC BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. (b) Schematic depicting the real-time PCR using dual-modal magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles for DNA isolation and amplification. Reprinted with permission from ref (782). Copyright 2016 Springer Nature under the CC BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. (c) Photograph of the plasmofluidic-PCR chip. Reprinted with permission from ref (75). Copyright 2021 Kang et al., published under the CC BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.