| nanofluids |
(428) |
nanofluid of Au nanoshells |
|
0.24 |
used for ethanol distillation |
| |
(429) |
nanofluid of Au nanoshells |
|
|
used for sterilization |
| |
(218) |
nanofluid of Au-Ag nanoplates |
|
0.785 |
|
| |
(430) |
Au, Ag,
and Au-Ag blended nanofluids |
|
0.3097 |
|
| |
(431) |
plasmonic
nanofluid containing Au nanoparticles |
6.27 kg m–2 h–1 under 10
sun irradiation |
0.65 |
|
| |
(432) |
CuO and antimony-doped tin oxide composite nanofluid |
|
0.925 |
|
| |
(433) |
reduced graphene oxide nanofluid |
|
0.9693 |
exhibit better photothermal conversion
efficiencies than the
graphene and graphene oxide ones |
| |
(434) |
carbon black, graphene, and graphitized carbon black nanofluids |
10.9 kg m–2 h–1 under 10
sun illumination |
0.69 |
|
| |
(435) |
nanofluid of Fe3O4@CNTs |
|
0.603 |
magnetic separation for
recycling nanoparticles |
| carbon-based materials |
(442) |
carbon fibers |
1.3 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun irradiation |
0.8 |
salt-resistant ability
based on the Donnan effect |
| |
(443) |
hierarchical Cu structures with Al2O3 coating
and carbon black nanoparticles |
1.31 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun irradiation |
0.8 |
bioinspired structure |
| |
(444) |
carbon nanosheets |
1.4 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.92 |
|
| |
(445) |
3D porous carbon foam |
10.9 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun irradiation |
|
wind used as an additional
energy source |
| |
(312) |
carbon
foam/exfoliated graphite layers |
11 kg m–2 h–1 at 10 kW
m–2 solar irradiance |
0.85 |
|
| |
(441) |
contactless solar evaporator
with porous reticulated vitreous
carbon foam |
2.5 L day–1 with daily
insolation of 6 kW
h m–2
|
0.25 |
antifouling
and salt-rejecting structure |
| |
(446) |
CNT membrane |
1.32 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.82 |
seawater desalination
and wastewater purification |
| |
(447) |
CNTs/filter paper/cotton thread/polystyrene foam |
1.42
kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.812 |
isolated salt crystallization |
| |
(448) |
composite of cotton, cellulose,
carbon black nanoparticles,
and polystyrene foam |
1.77 kg m–2 h–1 at 120
mW cm–2 solar irradiance |
∼1 |
energy gained from the environment |
| |
(314) |
hollow carbon-nanotube aerogel |
3.9186
kg m–2 h–1 under
3 sun illumination |
0.868 |
|
| |
(449) |
ultrablack carbon aerogel |
1.37 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.8751 |
implement CO2 activation to increase the hot-electron
effect |
| |
(450) |
SiC/CNT
coating |
|
0.5094 |
used for
anti-icing |
| |
(451) |
carbon
foam deposited with layered BiInSe3
|
1.1 kg
m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
|
seawater desalination |
| |
(452) |
polyvinyl alcohol embedded with
carbon black nanoparticles
on a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane |
0.5 kg m–2 h–1 at 700 W
m–2 solar irradiance |
0.538 |
saline water desalination |
| |
(453) |
poly methylmethacrylate coated with carbon black nanoparticles
on polyacrylonitrile layer |
1.3 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.72 |
seawater desalination
with salt-resistant properties |
| |
(454) |
carbon-black-coated polyvinyl alcohol cloth |
1.35 kg
m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.8475 |
continuous desalination
with salt excretion |
| |
(455) |
umbrella
architecture of carbon-coated fabric |
9.05 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination with natural wind |
|
self-salt-cleaning |
| |
(456) |
3D-printed hydrogel decorated
with carbon nanoparticles |
4.12 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.921 |
inspired by the
transpiration in trees |
| |
(457) |
aerogel
of CNTs and hydroxyapatite nanowires |
1.34 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.894 |
wastewater purification |
| |
(458) |
composite paper of CNTs and hydroxyapatite
nanowires |
14.31 kg m–2 h–1 under
10 sun illumination |
0.928 |
seawater desalination
and wastewater purification |
| |
(459) |
sponge with polydimethylsiloxane, CNTs, and cellulose nanocrystals |
1.35 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.874 |
waste energy-to-electricity
conversion by thermoelectric modules |
| |
(437) |
3D-printed structure with CNTs, graphene oxide, and nanofibrillated
cellulose |
1.25 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.856 |
|
| |
(440) |
monolithic carbon sponge |
1.39 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.9 |
electricity generation
by water evaporation-induced piezo-pyroelectric
response |
| |
(460) |
hydrogel-coated
graphite film |
1.01 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.627 |
anticlogging coating
prevents salt accumulation |
| |
(461) |
graphite/nonwoven film on nonwoven-wrapped polystyrene foam |
34.8 kg m–2 h–1 at 30 kW
m–2 solar irradiance |
0.817 |
simultaneous generation of clean water and electricity |
| |
(439) |
carbonized mushrooms |
1.475 kg m–2 h–1 under
1 sun irradiation |
0.78 |
efficiency of 62%
achieved for natural mushrooms |
| graphene-related
materials |
(462) |
graphene oxide film |
1.45 kg
m–2 h–1 under 1
sun irradiation |
0.94 |
solar desalination
with four orders of salinity decrement |
| |
(438) |
graphene oxide |
16.1 kg m–2 under
8 h outdoor solar irradiation |
0.85 |
inspired
by the natural transpiration process in plants |
| |
(330) |
graphene sheets |
6.25 kg m–2 h–1 under 4
sun illumination |
0.942 |
|
| |
(463) |
porous graphene |
1.5 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.8 |
|
| |
(464) |
hierarchical graphene |
1.4 kg m–2 h–1 at 5 kW
m–2 solar irradiance |
0.9 |
|
| |
(320) |
hydrophilically functionalized
graphene |
0.47 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.48 |
improved efficiency
compared to chemically reduced graphene
oxide |
| |
(465) |
hydrogel
embedded with Ti3C2Tx MXene and reduced graphene oxide |
3.62 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.91 |
enthalpy of vaporization
lowered and Marangoni effect induced |
| |
(466) |
aerogel made of PPy-coated MnO2 nanowires and reduced
graphene oxide |
1.587 kg m–2 h–1 under
1 sun illumination |
0.938 |
seawater desalination
and wastewater purification |
| |
(467) |
reduced graphene oxide and silk fabric |
1.48 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
1.02 |
energy gained from
the environment |
| |
(468) |
conic arrays
consisting of graphene-wrapped Fe3O4 nanoparticles |
5.88 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
|
reconfigurable and magnetically
responsive evaporator |
| wood materials |
(469) |
graphene-oxide-coated wood |
14.02 kg m–2 h–1 under
12 sun illumination |
0.83 |
|
| |
(470) |
flame-treated wood |
1.05 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.72 |
water evaporation
rate of 3.46 kg m–2 h–1 and efficiency
of 0.81 under 3 sun illumination |
| |
(471) |
PPy-decorated wood |
1.014 kg m–2 h–1 under
1 sun illumination |
0.725 |
|
| |
(472) |
CuFeSe2-nanoparticle-decorated wood |
6.6 kg m–2 h–1 under 5
sun illumination |
0.862 |
|
| modified papers |
(473) |
CNT-modified filter paper |
1.15 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.75 |
electricity extracted
from the evaporation-induced salinity
gradient |
| |
(474) |
PPy-modified
paper |
2.99 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
|
|
| |
(262) |
air-laid paper and Au-nanoparticle-based film |
1.71 mg s–1 under 4.5 sun irradiation |
0.778 |
|
| |
(475) |
Au nanoparticles supported on air-laid paper |
|
|
|
| |
(476) |
Fe3O4 nanoparticles on air-laid paper |
1.70 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.797 |
adjustable device
by magnetic field |
| |
(477) |
Fe3O4 nanoparticles on air-laid paper |
1.3 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.8 |
wastewater purification |
| cellulose-based materials |
(33) |
cellulose
membrane deposited with Ti2O3 nanoparticles |
5.03 kg m–2 h–1 at 5 kW
m–2 solar irradiance |
0.92 |
nearly 100% internal solar-thermal conversion efficiency |
| |
(478) |
membrane of mixed cellulose ester, ZnO nanorods,
and Au nanoparticles |
8.7 kg m–2 h–1 under 10
sun illumination |
|
|
| |
(479) |
cellulose-based fabric/polystyrene |
2.5
L m–2 day–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.22 |
salt rejection |
| gels |
(480) |
bilayered hydrogel |
11.33 kg m–2 h–1 under
1 sun illumination |
|
|
| |
(481) |
3D-printed hydrogel decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles |
5.12 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
|
superior light absorption
properties and rapid capillary-driven
water transport |
| |
(482) |
hydrogel
made of reduced graphene oxide and Ti3C2Tx MXene |
2.09 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.935 |
reduced vaporization
enthalpy |
| |
(483) |
hierarchically
nanostructured gel made of polyvinyl alcohol
and PPy |
3.2 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.94 |
reduced vaporization
enthalpy |
| |
(484) |
plasmonic
aerogel based on biofoam and Au nanorods |
0.32 mg cm–2 s–1 at a power
density of 5.1 W cm–2
|
0.763 |
|
| |
(485) |
bilayer
aerogel of MoS2 nanosheets and bacterial
nanocellulose |
6.15 kg m–2 h–1 at 5.35
kW m–2 solar irradiance |
0.81 |
|
| membranes |
(486) |
microporous
membrane deposited with Au nanoparticles |
11.8 kg m–2 h–1 under 10
sun irradiation |
0.85 |
|
| |
(295) |
W18O49 mesocrystals on polytetrafluoroethylene
membrane |
1.13 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.82 |
|
| |
(263) |
black Au membrane |
18.5 kg m–2 h–1 under 20
sun illumination |
0.57 |
|
| |
(487) |
PDA/polyethylenimine/PPy@polyamide nanofibrous membrane |
1.43 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.869 |
seawater desalination
and wastewater purification |
| |
(488) |
WO2.72/polylactic acid fiber membrane |
3.81
kg m–2 h–1 at 0.294
W m–2 solar irradiance |
0.8139 |
|
| |
(489) |
PDA-coated
polyvinylidene fluoride membrane |
0.49 kg m–2 h–1 at 0.75
kW m–2 solar irradiance |
0.45 |
|
| |
(490) |
hybrid
membrane of MoS2 nanosheets and single-walled
nanotubes |
6.6 kg m–2 h–1 at 4 kW
m–2 solar irradiance |
0.915 |
seawater desalination |
| |
(491) |
membrane of PPy-coated stainless steel mesh |
0.92 kg
m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.58 |
self-healing hydrophobicity |
| |
(133) |
self-assembly of Al nanoparticles
in anodic Al2O3 membrane |
5.7 kg
m–2 h–1 under 4
sun illumination |
0.9 |
seawater desalination |
| |
(492) |
polyvinylidene fluoride membrane
with Al-Ti-O nanostructures |
0.50 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.7752 |
seawater desalination |
| |
(493) |
Ag-nanoparticle-loaded polyvinylidene
fluoride membrane |
|
|
temperature
polarization |
| |
(494) |
Au@TiO2 nanoparticles on microporous membrane |
3.7 kg
m–2 h–1 under 5
sun illumination |
0.4634 |
seawater desalination
and wastewater purification |
| other composites |
(495) |
composite of polyethylene glycol and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic
acid) copolymer |
|
0.933 |
higher
thermal conductivity than pure polyethylene glycol |
| |
(496) |
composite sheet of HCuPO and polydimethylsiloxane |
1.85 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.636 |
saline water desalination |
| |
(124) |
nanocomposite of SiO2/Ag@TiO2
|
5.86 L m–2 h–1 under 7
kW m–2 Xe lamp irradiance |
N/A |
seawater catalysis and desalination |
| |
(497) |
3D-cup-shaped composite of CuFeMnO4 and
silica |
2.04 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
∼1 |
diffuse reflectance
reabsorbed and excess energy gained from
the surrounding |
| |
(498) |
cermet-coated
copper substrate |
|
0.71 |
thermal
concentration and heat localization |
| |
(499) |
Janus interface based on copper foil and foam |
2.21 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.88 |
water evaporation
and solar-thermal conversion separated on
the two sides of the film generator |
| |
(500) |
Al-absorber-based solar water purifier |
1.063
kg m–2 h–1 under
1 sun illumination |
0.7 |
minimized optical
loss, enhanced heat transfer and condensation |
| |
(265) |
assembly of Au nanoparticles in disordered nanoporous
Al2O3 template |
5.5 kg m–2 h–1 under 4
sun illumination |
0.9 |
|
| |
(501) |
femtosecond-laser-treated Al foil |
1.26
kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.427 |
wastewater purification |
| |
(502) |
assembly of Ag nanoparticles
in porous Al template |
5 kg m–2 h–1 under 4 sun
illumination |
0.8 |
wastewater purification |
| |
(503) |
Au-nanoflower-dispersed in nanoporous
silica matrix |
1.356 kg m–2 h–1 under
1 sun illumination |
0.85 |
parallel production
of fresh water and triboelectricity |
| |
(333) |
multilayer PPy nanosheets |
1.38 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.92 |
|
| |
(282) |
MoO3-x QDs |
4.95 kg m–2 h–1 under 5
sun illumination |
0.62 |
|
| |
(504) |
poly(vinyl alcohol) network embedded with V-doped
MoO3 nanospheres |
2.01 kg m–2 h–1 under simulated
solar light |
0.9344 |
strong light absorption
through heavy V-doping |
| |
(505) |
polymer
film embedded with titanium oxynitride spheres |
1.49
kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
0.891 |
seawater desalination |
| |
(506) |
multistage solar still |
5.78 kg m–2 h–1 under 1
sun illumination |
3.85 |
vaporization enthalpy
recycled |
