Table 1.

The domains’ definitions of the HLES.

Domains	Definition
Interpersonal dimension	The relationship between the service provider and the patient as well as their family members, and the interpersonal communication between them, such as the interpersonal communication skills of medical workers and the provision of health information materials.
Clinical dimension	In the process of delivering medical service, medical workers provide professional support and continuous care aimed to improve the accessibility and availability of medical information, such as paying attention to the health literacy of the population under high-risk situations (informed consent, medication management regime that may cause serious consequences, transitional care, and other clinical sessions), and ensuring that patients clear what medical insurance covers and what individuals have to pay.
Structural dimension	Navigable existing facilities and equipment in built environments of healthcare organizations, accessible health information platforms relying on information technology, as well as procedures to promote the acquisition of health services and information, such as navigation devices and services, health information materials, and hospital health-related service platforms.