Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of different sex participants according to FLI.
| Characteristics | Total | Males | Females | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FLI clinical cutoff | FLI clinical cutoff | ||||||||
| <30 | >=30 | SD | P-value | <30 | >=30 | SD | P-value | ||
| Participants | 13716 | 3581 | 2897 | 4139 | 3099 | ||||
| Age, year | 63.8 ± 9.4 | 66.8 ± 9.0 | 60.0 ± 9.5 | 0.7 (0.7, 0.8) | <0.001 | 64.9 ± 9.3 | 62.3 ± 8.4 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 3.7 | 21.2 ± 2.4 | 26.0 ± 3.8 | 1.5 (1.5, 1.6) | <0.001 | 21.7 ± 2.5 | 26.5 ± 3.0 | 1.7 (1.7, 1.8) | <0.001 |
| WC, cm | 83.7 ± 9.9 | 78.0 ± 7.2 | 91.9 ± 7.1 | 1.9 (1.9, 2.0) | <0.001 | 77.7 ± 7.3 | 90.8 ± 7.4 | 1.8 (1.7, 1.8) | <0.001 |
| Education, n (%) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | 0.004 | |||||
| Illiteracy | 4255 (38.3) | 570 (19.1) | 224 (9.5) | 2040 (62.0) | 1421 (57.7) | ||||
| Primary | 4650 (41.9) | 1666 (55.9) | 1101 (46.5) | 1034 (31.4) | 849 (34.5) | ||||
| Secondary and above | 2197 (19.8) | 745 (25.0) | 1043 (44.0) | 218 (6.6) | 191 (7.8) | ||||
| Living standard, n (%) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | <0.001 | 0.1 (-0.0, 0.1) | 0.153 | |||||
| preferably | 1456 (13.1) | 372 (12.5) | 396 (16.7) | 410 (12.5) | 278 (11.3) | ||||
| commonly | 7458 (67.2) | 1983 (66.5) | 1600 (67.6) | 2184 (66.3) | 1691 (68.7) | ||||
| poor | 2188 (19.7) | 626 (21.0) | 372 (15.7) | 698 (21.2) | 492 (20.0) | ||||
| Physical activity a, n (%) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.107 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.076 | |||||
| Mild | 6203 (55.9) | 1632 (54.7) | 1311 (55.4) | 1825 (55.4) | 1435 (58.3) | ||||
| Moderate | 2589 (23.3) | 710 (23.8) | 601 (25.4) | 744 (22.6) | 534 (21.7) | ||||
| Vigorous | 2310 (20.8) | 639 (21.4) | 456 (19.3) | 723 (22.0) | 492 (20.0) | ||||
| Current smoking, n (%) | 3564 (26.0) | 1846 (51.6) | 1319 (45.5) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | <0.001 | 258 (6.2) | 141 (4.6) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.002 |
| Current alcohol drinking, n (%) | 3005 (21.9) | 1328 (37.1) | 1294 (44.7) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | <0.001 | 226 (5.5) | 157 (5.1) | 0.0 (-0.0, 0.1) | 0.463 |
| GGT, U/L | 33.2 ± 43.2 | 25.4 ± 23.1 | 60.4 ± 70.1 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.7) | <0.001 | 17.7 ± 11.0 | 37.4 ± 42.1 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | <0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.4) | <0.001 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.5 ± 1.2 | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | <0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | <0.001 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | <0.001 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | <0.001 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | <0.001 |
| Hcy,μmol/L | 18.0 ± 11.0 | 20.8 ± 13.0 | 20.2 ± 14.5 | 0.0 (-0.0, 0.1) | <0.001 | 15.8 ± 7.4 | 15.6 ± 7.1 | 0.0 (-0.0, 0.1) | 0.494 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 72.7 ± 46.4 | 86.5 ± 56.7 | 83.2 ± 41.7 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.834 | 61.9 ± 45.1 | 61.4 ± 29.9 | 0.0 (-0.0, 0.1) | 0.007 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.3 ± 20.2 | 83.6 ± 20.7 | 88.7 ± 19.7 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | <0.001 | 90.1 ± 19.7 | 91.0 ± 19.8 | 0.0 (-0.0, 0.1) | 0.023 |
| Serum urate, μmol/L | 419.1 ± 120.7 | 443.9 ± 112.4 | 492.7 ± 121.4 | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | <0.001 | 354.5 ± 98.1 | 408.1 ± 108.9 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) | <0.001 |
| Hyperuricemia, n (%) | 6099 (44.5) | 1906 (53.2) | 2048 (70.7) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.4) | <0.001 | 886 (21.4) | 1259 (40.6) | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitusb, n (%) | 2436 (17.8) | 333 (9.3) | 674 (23.3) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.4) | <0.001 | 565 (13.7) | 864 (27.9) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.4) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 8781 (64.0) | 2261 (63.2) | 1870 (64.5) | 0.0 (-0.0, 0.1) | 0.246 | 2547 (61.5) | 2103 (67.9) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | <0.001 |
| Glucose-lowering drugs, n (%) | 661 (4.8) | 85 (2.4) | 171 (5.9) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | <0.001 | 154 (3.7) | 251 (8.1) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | <0.001 |
| FLI | 31.8 ± 25.1 | 12.7 ± 7.9 | 57.7 ± 18.9 | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | <0.001 | 13.5 ± 7.9 | 54.0 ± 17.3 | 3.0 (3.0, 3.1) | <0.001 |
SD, Standardize difference; FLI, Fatty Liver Index; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hcy, homocysteine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
a
Physical activity was defined as mild, moderate, or vigorous according to the participant’s personal evaluation.
b
diabetes mellitus was defined as self-reported physician diagnosis of diabetes or FBG concentration ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or use of glucose-lowering drugs.