Table 1.
Characteristics of the children and parents by child’s ASD status (N=711).
| Variable | ASDa (n=414) |
TDb (n=297) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean (SD) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % | ||
| Child | Sex | ||||
| Male | 352 | 85.0 | 249 | 83.8 | |
| Female | 62 | 15.0 | 48 | 16.2 | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 213 | 51.4 | 158 | 53.2 | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 13 | 3.1 | 6 | 2.0 | |
| Hispanic (any) | 107 | 25.9 | 73 | 24.6 | |
| All Othersc | 81 | 19.6 | 60 | 20.2 | |
| Gestational age | 408 | 39.1 (2.2) | 295 | 39.3 (1.8) | |
| Duration of breast feeding (month) | 410 | 7.8 (7.4) | 291 | 9.3 (8.1) | |
| Mothers | Age at delivery | 414 | 31.0 (5.5) | 297 | 31.1(5.5) |
| Educational level | |||||
| High school/GEDd or less | 53 | 12.8 | 43 | 14.5 | |
| Some college | 165 | 39.9 | 95 | 32.0 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 130 | 31.4 | 116 | 39.0 | |
| Graduate or professional | 66 | 15.9 | 43 | 14.5 | |
| Ethnicity/Race | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 250 | 60.4 | 193 | 65.0 | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 18 | 4.4 | 9 | 3.0 | |
| Hispanic (any) | 92 | 22.2 | 60 | 20.2 | |
| All others | 54 | 13.0 | 35 | 11.8 | |
| Birthplace | |||||
| USA | 323 | 78.0 | 251 | 84.5 | |
| Mexico | 30 | 7.3 | 15 | 5.1 | |
| Outside of USA and Mexico | 61 | 14.7 | 31 | 10.4 | |
| Smoking before or during pregnancy | |||||
| Yes | 55 | 13.5 | 27 | 9.2 | |
| No | 352 | 86.5 | 265 | 90.8 | |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| None/Lowe | 224 | 55.3 | 149 | 50.9 | |
| Intermediate/Highf | 181 | 44.7 | 137 | 48.1 | |
| Solvent Exposure | 73 | 17.6 | 44 | 14.8 | |
| Fathers | Age at delivery | 414 | 33.7 (6.4) | 295 | 33.8 (7.0) |
| Educational level | |||||
| High school/GED or less | 91 | 22.0 | 74 | 24.9 | |
| Some College | 124 | 30.0 | 89 | 30.0 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 124 | 30.0 | 89 | 30.0 | |
| Graduate or professional | 74 | 17.9 | 45 | 15.1 | |
| Ethnicity/Race | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 265 | 64.0 | 197 | 66.3 | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 21 | 5.1 | 16 | 5.4 | |
| Hispanic (any) | 80 | 19.3 | 58 | 19.5 | |
| All others | 48 | 11.6 | 26 | 8.8 | |
| Birthplace | |||||
| USA | 312 | 76.1 | 253 | 86.0 | |
| Mexico | 37 | 9.0 | 19 | 6.5 | |
| Outside of USA and Mexico | 61 | 14.9 | 22 | 7.5 | |
| Solvent Exposure | 177 | 42.8 | 136 | 45.8 | |
| Mother/Father | Regional Center (RC) | ||||
| Alta, far Northern, and Redwood Coast | 150 | 36.2 | 132 | 44.5 | |
| North Bay | 63 | 15.2 | 46 | 15.5 | |
| East Bay, San Andreas, and Golden Gate | 73 | 17.6 | 61 | 20.5 | |
| Valley Mt, Central Valley, and Kern | 79 | 19.1 | 49 | 16.5 | |
| All Los Angeles RCs plus Orange, San Diego, Tricounties, and Inland | 49 | 11.9 | 9 | 3.0 | |
| Solvent Exposure | 215 | 51.9 | 154 | 51.9 | |
| Total Years of Education | 414 | 29.3 (4.2) | 297 | 29.4 (3.8) | |
a.
ASD = autism spectrum disorder
b.
TD = typically developing
c.
Other = American Indian, Alaskan native, Asian, Pacific Islander/Hawaiian native, or multi-racial
d.
General Educational Development
e.
0-8 drinks per month during 3 months before pregnancy though delivery/3-6 drinks per week during 3 months before pregnancy
f.
8+ drinks per month during 3 months before pregnancy though delivery/6+ drinks per week during 3 months before pregnancy