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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 4.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Cancer Res. 2023 Jan 4;29(1):30–39. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-1366

Figure 1. The effect of VEGF on the function and growth of endothelial, tumor, and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.

Figure 1.

VEGF drives the formation of new blood vessels within the tumor in part by stimulating endothelial cell sprouting, mitogenesis, and endothelial cell migration. VEGF is not only produced by cancer cells, but also stromal cells, including endothelial cells and fibroblasts. VEGFR-1 is mostly expressed on myeloid cells; VEGFR-2 is primarily expressed on endothelial and sporadically on tumor cells; VEGFR-3 is primarily expressed on lymphatic endothelial cells. Original figure created with Biorender.