Figure 2.

Effects of sleep and the circadian system on (a) neuroendocrine mediators and (b) cytokine production by monocytes cells. Levels of growth hormone (GH), prolactin, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, as well as percentages (of total monocytes cells, respectively) of IL-6+, TNF-alpha+,IL-12+, and IL-10+ monocytes and IL-12+ dendritic cells over 24 h during conditions of sleep (thick dark line) and continuous wakefulness (light line). Maximum difference between Sleep and Wake during the first night-half, referenced Mesor concentrations, is schematically depicted in the length of the arrow. Figure reprinted from Lange et al. [74] with permission.