Figure 3.

Representative expression of interleukin (IL) 6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated CD14+ cells from a participant (a) at baseline and (b) at partial sleep deprivation (PSD). Numbers indicate the percentages of the fraction of CD14+ cells that are positive for TNF- α alone (upper left), TNF- α and IL-6 (upper right), and IL-6 alone (lower right). In the baseline condition, 72.1% of the CD14+ cells are negative for both IL-6 and TNF-α whereas only 34.5% of the CD14+ cells are negative for both IL-6 and TNF- α in the PSD condition. Reprinted from Irwin et al. [123] with permission.