Torrazza 2015.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	61 infants born at postmenstrual age > 23 weeks but ≤ 32 weeks with birth weight ≤ 1250 g and without congenital or chromosomal anomalies or gastrointestinal malformations who were receiving some enteral nutrition by 48 hours of age
Interventions	Infants were randomised before 48 hours of life Routine monitoring of gastric residuals before every feeding  No monitoring of gastric residuals
Outcomes	Primary outcome:  enteral intake at 2 weeks and days to reach 120 mL/kg/d of enteral feedings Secondary outcomes:  enteral intake at 3 weeks; days to reach 150 mL/kg/d; growth indices (weight, head circumference, and length) at 3 weeks;  TPN days; CVL days; incidence of NEC; sepsis; and  parental nutrition‐associated liver disease
Notes	Enteral feeds were started at 20 mL/kg/d and were increased by 20 mL/kg/d. Both human milk and preterm formula were used for feeding. Abdominal distension/discolouration/tenderness, emesis, gastric residual > 50% of the feed volume or bilious aspirates were taken as signs of feed intolerance, and an abdominal radiograph was taken. If the radiograph was normal, feeds were continued; increasing length of feeds to 30 to 50 minutes; decreasing feed volume, or changing to continuous feeds was considered. If the radiograph was abnormal, feeds were withheld for 24 hours followed by reassessment

BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; CVL: central venous line; NEC: necrotising enterocolitis; PNALD: parenteral nutrition associated liver disease; TPN : total parenteral nutrition; RCT: randomised controlled trial; VAP: ventilator‐associated pneumonia