Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2022 Oct 5;165(Pt B):107290. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107290

Table 2.

Distribution of positive urine screens for other substance use.

Participant groups




All (n = 753) Lower-SES women (n = 246) Opioid-use disorder (n = 256) Affective disorders (n = 251) p

Urine screens n (%)
 Amphetamines 60 (8.0%) 15 (6.1%) 23 (9.0%) 22 (8.8%) 0.30
 Barbiturates 3 (0.4%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (0.8%) 1 (0.4%) 0.99
 Buprenorphine 8 (1.6%) 4 (1.6%) - 4 (1.6%) 0.50
 Benzodiazepines 65 (8.6%) 13 (5.3%)a 16 (6.3%)ab 36 (14.3%)b 0.03
 Cocaine 69 (9.2%) 10 (4.1%)a 35 (13.7%)b 24 (9.6%)ab 0.01
 MDMA* 5 (0.7%) 3 (1.2%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (0.8%) 0.17
 Methamphetamine 16 (2.1%) 3 (1.2%) 6 (2.3%) 7 (2.8%) 0.39
 Methadone 2 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%) - 1 (0.4%) 0.99
 Opiates 35 (4.6%) 11 (4.5%) 10 (3.9%) 14 (5.6%) 0.72
 Oxycodone 28 (3.7%) 14 (5.7%) 6 (2.3%) 8 (3.2%) 0.12
 Phencyclidine** 1 (0.1%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.4%) -
 THC 337 (44.8%) 103 (41.9%) 108 (42.2%) 126 (50.2%) 0.73
 Any substance*** 433 (57.2%) 127 (51.6%) 142 (55.5%) 164 (65.3%) 0.65
 Any substance*** 207 51 72 84 0.04
 w/o THC (27.3%) (20.7%)a (28.1%)ab (33.5%)b

Notes: Results reported for urine screens represent the % ever positive during the 12-week study period. Groups that are not equivalent in post-hoc comparisons are denoted by different superscript letters.

*

Number of positive test results was too small to conduct the logistic regression, P-value is computed from a Fisher’s Exact Test.

**

Number of positive test results was too small to conduct analysis.

***

Excluding buprenorphine and methadone for the opioid-use disorder group. THC = Tetrahydrocannabinol; MDMA = Methylenedioxymethamphetamine.