Table 1.
Demographics and baseline characteristics of the study population
| PatientsN = 193 | |
|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD, years) | 89.7 ± 6.2 |
| Female | 122 (63.2) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Major neuro-cognitive disorder | 110 (57.3) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 60 (31.1) |
| Dysphagia | 47 (24.4) |
| Congestive heart failure | 45 (23.3) |
| COPD | 42 (21.8) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 38 (19.7) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 37 (19.2) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 36 (18.7) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 31 (16.1) |
| Cancer | 26 (13.5) |
| Obesity | 13 (10.2) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 14 (7.3) |
| Blood disorder | 14 (7.3) |
| Charlson comorbidity index (mean ± SD) | 6.7 ± 1.7 |
| BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m2) | 22.8 ± 5.7 |
| MMSE (mean, SD) | 19.7 ± 11.2 |
| Antibiotics prescribed before PCR testing | 57 (29.5%) |
| Clinical signs | |
| Systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg | 9 (4.7) |
| Temperature ≥ 38.3°C | 31 (16.1) |
| Oxygen saturation < 94% | 71 (36.8) |
| Oxygen flow rate ≥ 1L/min | 66 (34.2) |
| Cough | 131 (67.9) |
| Crackles | 80 (41.5) |
| Heart failure | 70 (36.3) |
| Sputum | 44 (22.8) |
| Confusion | 33 (17.1) |
| Biological parameters | |
| Albumin level < 35 g/L | 142 (74.0) |
| Neutrophils count ≥ 7.5 G/L | 99 (51.6) |
| Lymphocytes count < 1.0 G/L | 89 (46.1) |
| C-Reactive Protein level ≥ 5 mg/L | 180 (94.2) |
| Renal failure* | |
| Absent (eGFR > 90 mL /min/1.73m2) | 6 (3.1) |
| Mild (eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73m2) | 94 (48.7) |
| Moderate (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2) | 80 (41.5) |
| Severe (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73m2) | 13 (6.7) |
| Radiological infiltrate | 70 (36.3) |
| PCR results | |
| Positive | 88 (45.6) |
| Flu virus (A) | 36 (40.9) |
| Rhinovirus | 20 (22.7) |
| Respiratory Syncitial Virus | 15 (17.1) |
| Bacteria | 0 (0) |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise stated.
* according to Cockroft and Gault
BMI: body-mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MMSE: mini-mental state examination; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SD: standard deviation