Table 2.

The nutritional composition and bioconversion parameters of the main bioconverter insects fed on agri-food waste substrates.

Insect	Feed substrate	Larva composition		Bioconversion parameters				Reference
		Protein (%)	Lipid (%)	Ash (%)	ECDa (%)	FCRb (%)	Degradationc (%)
Hermetia illucens	Palm kernel expeller (PKE)	38	18	NM	17.6	NM	NM	[29]
	Fungi fermented-PKE	38.2–44.5	18.6–24.7	NM	24–30	NM	38.8–62.4	[29]
	Food waste	39.2	30–40	8.13	NMd	NM	55.3	[30,31]
	Soybean curd Residues (SCR)	52.9	26.1	NM	10.2	9.8	49	[20]
	Bacteria inoculated-SCR	55.3	30	NM	12.5	8	55.7	[20]
	Fermented maize straw	42	31	9	NM	NM	48.4	[32]
	Wheat bran	43	35	9.1	NM	NM	55	[32]
Tenebrio molitor	Agricultural waste	53.4	30	5.2	50	3.2	NM	[33]
	Agricultural by-products	46.4	32.7	2.9	9.87	7.9	NM	[[34], [35], [36]]
Musca domestica	Wheat bran	63.6	15.6	7.6	NM	NM	NM	[22]
	Food waste	55	22	NM	NM	NM	NM	[37]
Alphitobius diaperinus	Agri-food waste	37–49	14–28	NM	NM	15.2	NM	[35,38]
Zophobas morio	Agricultural feed	46.8	43.6	8.2	NM	NM	NM	[39]

^aECD (The efficiency of conversion of digested feed, %) = Biomass gained (g)/Total feed consumed (g) × 100.

^bFCR (Feed conversion rate, %) = Feed intake (g DM)/Weight gained (g DM) × 100.

^cDegradation (%) = (Initial feed dry weight (g) − Final feed dry weight (g))/(Initial feed dry weight (g)) × 100.

^dNM: Not mentioned.