Table 3.

Characteristics and fertilization efficiency of frass fertilizer obtained from edible insects feeding on different waste substrates.

Insect species	Waste type	Feeding duration	Fertilizing index	C/N ratio	N–P–K values (kg ha–1)	Germination rate (%)	Reference
Hermetia illucens	Mixture of Irish potato peels + brewery spent grain	2 weeks	∼5	13.2	N: 147.5	93.3	[10]
					P: 63.2
					K: 203.7
	Brewery spent grains	-	-	10.7	N:180.5	86	[79]
					P: 25
					K: 14.5
Tenebrio molitor	Wheat bran + chayote (Sechium edule)	5 weeks	∼4.5	20.0	N: 124.3	56.7	[10]
					P: 69.8
					K: 104.8
Musca domestica	Food waste	4–6 days	-	-	N:148.5	-	[80]
					P: 11.5
					K: 15
Schistocerca gregaria	Wheat & barley seedlings + wheat bran	-	∼4.5	19.5	N: 103.3	23.3	[10]
					P: 36.5
					K: 175.3
Gryllus bimaculatus	Wheat bran + soybean + sweet potato vines + weeds	2 months	∼4.5	18.6	N: 114.5	76.7	[10]
					P: 76.7
					K: 103.7
Scapsipedus icipe	Wheat bran + soybean + sweet potato vines + weeds	3 months	∼4.5	17.4	N: 120.7	63.3	[10]
					P: 74.2
					K: 122.7
Pachnoda sinuata	Fresh cattle dung from a dairy farm	4–5 weeks	∼4.5	14.6	N: 106.8	96.7	[10]
					P: 52.2
					K: 151.2
Oryctes rhinoceros	Fresh cattle dung from a dairy farm	-	∼4.5	14.6	N: 82.8	93.3	[10]
					P: 21.5
					K: 82
Bombyx mori	Leaves of mulberry tree (Morus spp.)	6 weeks	∼4	19.1	N: 117.2	60	[10]
					P: 8.5
					K: 86.5
Gonimbrasia krucki	Brazilian pepper tree leaves (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi)	5 weeks	∼4	22.9	N: 107	86.7	[10]
					P: 9.8
					K: 70.3