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. 2023 Apr 3;18(6):667–676. doi: 10.1038/s41565-023-01359-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Concept of visual restoration with US matrix arrays implanted in a cranial window for the localized US neuromodulation of the primary visual cortex in humans. The US beam can be adaptively focused at different locations in the V1 cortex as it passes through the intact dura mater as well as subdural and subarachnoid spaces. b, Proof-of-concept setup used in this study for V1 sonogenetic activation in rodents, using a high-frequency focused transducer on a craniotomized mouse. c, Characterization of the radiated field for the 0.5 MHz transducer used in this study. A longitudinal view of the maximal pressure for a monochromatic acoustic field radiated at 0.5 MHz by the 25.40-mm-Ø, 31.75-mm-focus transducer (top). The maximum pressure is reached at 25.9 mm, slightly closer to the transducer than the geometric focal point, which is a documented effect. The transverse section of the maximum pressure field at depth z = 25.9 mm (middle). A one-dimensional profile of this transverse section giving the FWHM of the focal spot (4.36 mm at 0.5 MHz) (bottom). d, Same characterization for the 2.25 MHz 12.7-mm-Ø 25.4-mm-focus transducer. e, Same characterization for the 15 MHz 12.7-mm-Ø 25.4-mm-focus transducer. Note that the maximum pressure is reached very close to the geometric focus (25.21 mm versus 25.40 mm for the geometric focus) for this configuration. The FWHM of the focal spot is 0.276 mm. Panels a and e are created with Biorender.com.

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