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. 2023 Jun 16;14:104. doi: 10.1007/s12672-023-00702-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Molecular mechanisms and signal pathways of syncytin-1 overexpression in neuroblastoma (NB) Aspirin and caffeine can promote the transcription of syncytin-1, thereby promoting the proliferation of NB cells. The stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) recognizes the depletion of stored calcium and activates the plasma membrane calcium ion channel (ORAI1) in the plasma membrane, establishing a calcium release-activated calcium channel (CRAC), causing calcium influx. The calcium that re-enters the cytoplasm is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As the concentration of calcium in the cytoplasm increases, protein kinases such as Src and PP2A are activated, thus promoting cell proliferation. Syncytin-1 can induce calcium influx by activating the TRPC3 channel, SK3 channel and down-regulating DISC1 expression to promote the proliferation and invasion of NB cells. Phosphorylated CREB can also induce tumor cell proliferation, gluconeogenesis and promote microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression