Table 2.
Visual acuity, vision functioning and socioemotional scale and amblyopia parameters as well as NEI VFQ-25 items for the GPES sample (n = 450) for each study group.
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age | GA ≥ 37 | GA 33–36 | GA 29–32 | GA ≤ 28 | GA ≤ 32 | GA ≤ 32 |
| no ROP | no ROP | no ROP | ROP without treatment | treat. ROP treatment | ||
| Participants/eyes (n) | 140/280 | 137/274 | 92/184 | 18/36 | 48/88 | 15/30 |
| Uncorrected visual acuity (logMAR) OD | 0.0 (0.0; 0.1) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.3) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.3) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.2) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.3) | 0.5 (0.0; 0.9) |
| Uncorrected visual acuity (logMAR) OS | 0.0 (0.0; 0.2) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.4) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.3) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.2) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.6) | 0.3 (0.2; 1.3) |
| DCVA (logMAR) OD | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.1) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.3) |
| DCVA (logMAR) OS | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.1) | 0.3 (0.1; 0.8) |
| Visual acuity better eye (logMAR) OS | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.3) |
| Visual acuity worse eye (logMAR) OS | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.1) | 0.4 (0.1; 1.0) |
| Visual acuity better eye: | ||||||
| <20/20 (Decimal) (n (%)) | 9 (6.4%) | 7 (5.1%) | 8 (8.7%) | 2 (11.2%) | 10 (20.8%) | 9 (60%) |
| <20/40 (Decimal) (n (%)) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (4.3%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (12.5%) | 1 (6.7%) |
| <20/60 (Decimal) (n (%)) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.2%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (8.3%) | 1 (6.7%) |
| <20/200 (Decimal) (n (%)) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.2%) | 1 (6.7%) |
| <20/400 (Decimal) (n (%)) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.1%) | 1 (6.7%) |
| Eyes without light perception (n (%)) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) |
| No stereopsis (Lang test II) (n (%)) | 2 (1.4%) | 9 (6.6%) | 14 (15.2%) | 3 (16.7%) | 13 (27.1%) | 9 (60.0%) |
| Red-green color vision deficiency (n (%)) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2.2%) | 3 (3.3%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Self-reported amblyopia (n (%)) | 10 (7.1%) | 8 (5.8%) | 15 (16.3%) | 3 (16.7%) | 13 (27.1%) | 9 (60%) |
| History of amblyopia treatment (n (%)) | 5 (3.6%) | 6 (4.4%) | 6 (6.5%) | 3 (16.7%) | 10 (20.8%) | 9 (60%) |
| Unilateral amblyopia at examination (n (%)) | 2 (1.4%) | 4 (2.9%) | 5 (5.4%) | 1 (5.6%) | 3 (6.2%) | 3 (20%) |
| Bilateral amblyopia at examination (n (%)) | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (1.5%) | 5 (5.4%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (10.4%) | 4 (26.7%) |
| Any amblyopia at examination (n (%)) | 3 (2.1%) | 6 (4.4%) | 10 (10.9%) | 1 (5.6%) | 8 (16.7%) | 7 (46.7%) |
| NEI VFQ-25 items | ||||||
| Car driving (yes) (n (%)) | 127 (90.7%) | 123 (89.8%) | 86 (93.5%) | 12 (66.7%) | 32 (66.7%) | 8 (53.3%) |
| Cancelled car driving due to low VA (n (%)) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5.6%) | 1 (2.1%) | 1 (6.7%) |
| Difficulties with reading (n (%)) | 25 (17.9%) | 35 (25.5%) | 22 (23.9%) | 4 (22.2%) | 15 (31.2%) | 7 (46.7%) |
| Vision related quality of life | ||||||
| Vision functioning scale | 91.6 ± 8.0 | 88.1 ± 11.2a | 88.7 ± 10.7a | 88.4 ± 8.4 | 85.1 ± 17.9a | 79.1 ± 18.7a |
| Socioemotional scale | 96.9 ± 4.1 | 96.0 ± 5.9 | 95.4 ± 7.0 | 94.1 ± 13.5 | 90.9 ± 15.9 | 88.9 ± 13.7a |
Visual acuity is described as median and interquartile range.
Mann–Whitney-U-test was applied to compare VRQoL of the different groups with the full-term control group (reference).
g gram, mm millimetre, GA gestational age, ROP retinopathy of prematurity, y years, n number, OD right eye, OS left eye, DCVA distant corrected visual acuity.
aStatistical difference (p < 0.05) compared to the control group.