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. 2023 Jun 16;13:9785. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37016-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Overview of DNA metabarcoding workflow. The target gene marker is amplified using PCR with sample-specific barcodes and analyzed by nanopore sequencing. After demultiplexing, the reads are quality and size filtered, clustered, and polished for consensus calling. The resulting highly accurate consensus sequences are aligned against the reference genomes for taxonomic assignment. Fw, forward primer; Rv, reverse primer; hac, high accuracy.