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. 2023 Jun 16;14:3575. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39351-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Faradaic efficiencies of CO and H_2. b Faradaic efficiencies and partial current densities of C₂₊ on Cu electrodes in 1 M KOH (aq.) at −1.2 V versus (vs.) reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) with various contact angles c Faradaic efficiencies and partial current densities of C₂₊ on Cu-12C under different current densities. d Ethanol to ethylene ratios and e Faradaic efficiencies of ethanol and ethylene on Cu electrodes in 1 M KOH (aq.) at −1.2 V vs. RHE with various contact angles (without iR correction). It is demonstrated that the strong dependence of the C₂ product distribution on the wettability of Cu catalyst. The evolution of H₂ and CO is suppressed via alkanethiol treatment. f Linear sweep voltametric (LSV) curves of the Cu electrodes with and without alkanethiol modification in 1 M KOH (ν = 50 mV s^–1), showing the lowered current of the hydrophobic-treated Cu catalyst at a given potential. Error bars represent the standard deviation from at least three independent measurements.