Table 1.
Baseline sociodemographic, clinical, and biological features of 144 participants included in the Pan African Pulmonary Cohort presenting pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease stratified by HIV status.
| Variables | HIV status | All | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV-negative | HIV-positive | HIV-unknown | |||
| ECG findings | |||||
| Sinusal rhythm/no | 33 (58.9) | 7 (46.7) | 32 (56.1) | 72 (56.3) | 0.7 |
| Sinus tachycardia/yes | 9 (16.1) | 5 (33.3) | 20 (35.1) | 34 (26.6) | 0.05 |
| Atrial fibrillation/yes | 19 (33.9) | 2 (13.3) | 10 (17.5) | 31 (24.2) | 0.08 |
| P pulmonal/yes | 5 (8.9) | 4 (26.7) | 2 (3.5) | 11 (8.6) | 0.01 |
| RV hypertrophy strain/yes | 2 (3.6) | 4 (26.7) | 8 (14.0) | 14 (10.9) | 0.02 |
| LV hypertrophy strain/yes | 7 (12.5) | 7 (46.7) | 28 (49.1) | 42 (32.8) | < 0.001 |
| Chest X-ray findings | |||||
| Cardiomegaly/yes | 39 (90.7) | 9 (90.0) | 37 (97.4) | 85 (93.4) | 0.3 |
| Prominent pulmonary artery/yes | 14 (32.6) | 6 (60.0) | 17 (44.7) | 37 (40.7) | 0.2 |
| Echocardiography findings | |||||
| Heart rate (beats per minute)* | 91.8 (17.6) | 92.3 (26.5) | 96.3 (18.3) | 93.9 (19.2) | 0.09 |
| Aortic root size (mm)* | 28.8 (5.3) | 30.14 (5.3) | 30.6 (5.1) | 29.8 (5.2) | 0.9 |
| Left atrial size (mm)* | 48.7 (11.2) | 47.4 (7.1) | 52.3 (9.9) | 50.2 (10.4) | 0.2 |
| LV end diastolic (mm)* | 53.8 (13.4) | 61.8 (10.3) | 59.6 (10.7) | 57.6 (10.7) | 0.2 |
| LV end systolic (mm)* | 40.7 (15.6) | 50.7 (11.1) | 47.3 (13.1) | 44.7 (14.5) | 0.2 |
| IV septum systolic (mm)* | 12.9 (3.7) | 14.6 (4.9) | 12.9 (3.7) | 13.1 (3.8) | 0.4 |
| IV septum diastolic (mm)* | 10.8 (3.0) | 11.5 (2.8) | 10.8 (2.9) | 10.9 (2.9) | 0.9 |
| Fractional shortening (%) | 25.3 (12.1) | 16.7 (4.7) | 21.2 (11.5) | 22.2 (11.5) | 0.009 |
| EF calculated (%) | 46.7 (19.4) | 36.5 (17.8) | 41.5 (18.2) | 43.4 (18.9) | 0.8 |
| EF visual estimate (%) | 42.7 (18.3) | 40.1 (18.1) | 40.8 (16.2) | 41.6 (17.3) | 0.7 |
| Posterior wall diastolic diameter (mm)* | 11.6 (3.1) | 11.4 (2.9) | 10.9 (2.7) | 11.3 (4.6) | < 0.001 |
| Posterior wall systolic diameter (mm)* | 14.7 (7.1) | 14.9 (3.3) | 13.3 (3.3) | 14.1 (5.4) | < 0.001 |
| Mitral A-wave (m per second)* | 39.9 (35.0) | 18.9 (34.4) | 44.9 (38.4) | 38.6 (36.9) | 0.8 |
| Mitral E-wave (m per second)* | 91.6 (53.5) | 26.1 (32.4) | 90.2 (48.6) | 82.9 (53.0) | 0.2 |
| Deceleration time (ms)* | 161.57 (76.9) | 116.3 (55.1) | 129.0 (41.8) | 136.6 (47.8) | 0.04 |
| Regional wall motion abnormality/yes | 5 (8.9) | 2 (14.3) | 9 (16.1) | 16 (12.7) | 0.5 |
| Right atrial size | |||||
| Normal | 8 (13.6) | 1 (6.3) | 4 (6.5) | 13 (9.5) | 0.04 |
| Mildly enlarged | 21 (35.6) | 2 (12.5) | 21 (33.9) | 44 (32.1) | |
| Moderately enlarged | 22 (37.3) | 10 (62.5) | 35 (56.5) | 67 (48.9) | |
| Severely enlarged | 8 (13.6) | 3 (18.8) | 2 (3.2) | 13 (9.5) | |
| Right ventricle size | |||||
| Normal | 15 (25.0) | 2 (12.5) | 6 (9.8) | 23 (16.8) | 0.06 |
| Mildly enlarged | 19 (31.7) | 2 (12.5) | 25 (40.9) | 46 (33.6) | |
| Moderately enlarged | 24 (40.0) | 10 (62.5) | 28 (45.9) | 62 (45.3) | |
| Severely enlarged | 2 (3.3) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (3.3) | 6 (4.4) | |
| RVSP (mmHg)* | 57.9 (16.1) | 50.9 (6.8) | 65.6 (17.6) | 60.6 (16.7) | 0.001 |
| RVSP/type | |||||
| Mild | 26 (41.9) | 7 (43.8) | 14 (21.9) | 47 (33.1) | 0.003 |
| Moderate | 16 (25.8) | 8 (50.0) | 16 (25.0) | 40 (28.2) | |
| Severe | 20 (32.3) | 1 (6.3) | 34 (53.1) | 55 (38.7) | |
| TAPSE (mm)* | 16.6 (6.8) | 17.8 (16.7) | 12.8 (4.4) | 14.9 (7.7) | < 0.001 |
| Aortic stenosis/yes | 1 (1.67) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.7) | 2 (1.5) | 0.8 |
| Mitral stenosis | |||||
| Mild | 47 (81.0) | 14 (87.5) | 58 (96.7) | 119 (88.8) | 0.02 |
| Moderate | 2 (3.5) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (1.7) | 4 (2.9) | |
| Severe | 9 (15.5) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (1.7) | 11 (8.2) | |
| Aortic regurgitation | |||||
| No or trace | 35 (61.4) | 12 (75.0) | 38 (61.3) | 85 (62.9) | 0.08 |
| Mid | 20 (35.1) | 2 (12.5) | 13 (20.9) | 35 (25.9) | |
| Moderate | 2 (3.5) | 2 (12.5) | 7 (11.3) | 11 (8.2) | |
| Severe | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (6.5) | |
| Mitral regurgitation | |||||
| No or trace | 18 (30.0) | 4 (26.7) | 8 (12.9) | 30 (21.9) | 0.001 |
| Mid | 23 (38.3) | 3 (20.0) | 15 (24.2) | 41 (29.9) | |
| Moderate | 17 (28.3) | 5 (33.3) | 20 (32.3) | 41 (29.9) | |
| Severe | 2 (3.3) | 3 (20.0) | 19 (30.7) | 24 (17.5) | |
| Tricuspid regurgitation | |||||
| No or trace | 3 (4.9) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (3.1) | 6 (4.3) | 0.5 |
| Mid | 7 (11.5) | 1 (6.3) | 5 (7.8) | 13 (9.2) | |
| Moderate | 41 (67.2) | 9 (56.3) | 38 (59.4) | 88 (62.4) | |
| Severe | 10 (16.4) | 5 (31.3) | 19 (29.7) | 34 (24.1) | |
| Aetiology of PH-LHD | |||||
| Valvular disease | 13 (20.3) | 2 (12.5) | 14 (21.9) | 29 (20.1) | 0.9 |
| LV systolic dysfunction | 35 (54.7) | 11 (68.8) | 35 (54.7) | 81 (56.3) | |
| LV diastolic dysfunction | 16 (25.0) | 3 (18.8) | 15 (23.4) | 34 (23.6) | |
Data are number (%) or mean ± SD.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CRP, C reactive protein; FU, follow up; HIV, human immunodeficiency syndrome; HR, heart rate, JVP, jugular venous pressure; L(R)VH, Left(right) ventricular hypertrophy; PH, pulmonary hypertension; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; USD, US dollar; WHO, World Health Organization; 6MWT, 6-min’ walk test., bpm: breaths per minute.
Data are expressed as n (%), * indicates continuous values, expressed as mean (standard deviation).