. 2023 Jun 2;9(6):e16929. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16929

Table 4.

Hypothesis-testing results.

		Model 1	Model 2 (with CBAE as the mediating variable)		Model 3 (with CBAE and DMQ as the mediating variables)			Model 4 (with CBAE and DMQ as the mediating variables and DL as the moderating variable)
Dependent variable		FP	CBAE	FP	CBAE	DMQ	FP	CBAE	DMQ	FP
	Independent variable
H1	DT	0.15 (2.67)^c	0.47 (8.02)	c0.03 (0.45)	0.47 (7.81)^c	0.14 (2.55)^b	−0.02 (0.31)	0.52 (10.66)^c	0.12 (2.09)^b	−0.02 (0.32)
H1	DL							0.44 (7.36)^c	0.19 (3.06)^c
H2	CBAE			0.23 (3.77)^c		0.58 (13.16)^c	0.03 (0.37)		0.53 (9.00)^c	0.03 (0.39)
H3	DMQ						0.35 (4.76)^c			0.34 (4.62)^c
	DL × DT								0.30 (5.11)^c
	DL × CBAE									0.19 (4.24)^c
	Control variable
	Assets	0.15 (2.17)^b		0.17 (2.59)^c			0.20 (3.02)^c			0.20 (2.78)^c
	Employees	0.08 (0.93)		0.06 (0.82)			0.03 (0.49)			0.03 (0.44)
	Firm age	0.26 (4.84)^c		0.25 (4.99)^c			0.24 (5.17)^c			0.24 (5.23)^c
	Ownership	0.04 (0.58)		0.03 (0.49)			0.05 (0.80)			0.05 (0.81)
Adjusted R2		0.17	0.22	0.20	0.22	0.43	0.26	0.53	0.47	0.26
Indirect effect								Estimate	LLCI	ULCI
H4	DT→CBAE→DMQ							0.28 (6.72)^c	0.20	0.36
	CBAE→DMQ→FP							0.18 (3.99)^c	0.10	0.28
	DT→CBAE→DMQ→FP							0.08 (3.60)^c	0.05	0.15

Notes: DT: digital transformation; DL: digital leadership; CBA: cloud-based accounting; DMQ: decision-making quality; FP: firm performance; DL × DT: interaction between DL and DT; DL × CBAE: interaction between DL and CBAE; numbers in brackets: t-values; ^{a, b}, and ^c denote significance at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively (two-tailed t-test).