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. 2023 Jun 16;14:3584. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39069-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Maximum intensity projections (MIPs) along the z direction (dorsal view) of the 3D images rendered with conventional OA tomography (OA, left) versus localization optoacoustic tomography (LOT, right). A anterior, P posterior, M medial, L lateral, ACA anterior cerebral artery, MCA middle cerebral artery, PCA posterior cerebral artery, SSS superior sagittal sinus. Scalebar—3 mm, a.u. arbitrary units. b MIP images along the x direction (coronal view, Bregma −0.22 mm to −1.22 mm) of the rectangular box of the LOT image indicated in (a). Cortical layers are indicated. The inset displays a 3D view of the indicated region. PA pial arteriole, PB penetrating branches. Scalebar—1 mm. c Profile of the LOT image for the dashed white line in b, a.u. arbitrary units. d 3D view of the blood flow image. Inset shows boxplots of the measured velocities (40 values per boxplot) along the dashed black line. Outliers are plotted as red squares. Mean+1.26σ, upper quartile, median, lower quartile, and mean-1.26σ are shown. Values for individual droplets are provided in a supplementary file. Statistical significance is shown (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 for one-tailed unpaired t test). Scalebar—3 mm. e Cross-sectional coronal view (top, approx. Bregma −1.46 mm) of the OA image along with the superposition of 8 differential OA images (ΔOA). The light fluence distribution image (bottom) is derived by fitting the signals of 50 microdroplets in the differential OA images to an exponentially decaying function. MCA middle cerebral artery, PA pial artery, THV transverse hippocampal vein, CTX cortex, CC corpus callosum, HIP hippocampus, TH thalamus, ST striatum, AM amygdala. Scalebar—5 mm, a.u. arbitrary units.