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. 2023 Jun 16;13:9797. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36704-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ecological analyses of WBS and CTRL. Alpha diversity analysis (A). Box plots show the Shannon-Weiner index of WBS and CTRL. In box plot the values of median, first and third quartiles, minimum and maximum values of Shannon index for both groups are reported. Beta-diversity analyses. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCA) plots of Bray Curtis dissimilarity (B) and Unweighted UniFrac phylogenetic distance matrices (C). Each ellipse represents the 95% confidence interval of standard error. The PERMANOVA and ANOSIM tests applied on β-diversity matrices reveal the statistically significant dissimilarity between WBS and CTRLs (Bray–Curtis matrix: PERMANOVA p value = 0.002; ANOSIM: R value = 0.10, p value = 0.001; unweighted UniFrac matrix: PERMANOVA p value = 0.001; ANOSIM R value = 0.14; p value = 0.001). Intragroup distances calculation. Box plots of intragroup distances calculated on (D) Bray–Curtis and (E) Unweighted UniFrac distances. Statistically significant comparisons by Wilcoxson test are indicated by asterisk (*p-adj ≤ 0.05; **p-adj ≤ 0.01; ****p-adj ≤ 0.0001).