Table 3.

Factor loadings, squared loadings, and model fit statistics for 4-factor CFA

Indicator	Factor loading				R2
	1	2	3	4
Individual - Peer Level
1. Helped student with difficulty at school	0.80				0.64
2. Helped someone feel better when upset	0.75				0.56
3. Prosocial behaviora	0.75				0.56
4. Made a personal effort to care for environment	0.64				0.42
5. Been leader in group or organization	0.56				0.31
6. Civic engagementa	0.56				0.31
Community Level
7. Kids listened to in neighborhood		0.93			0.87
8. Kids empowered in neighborhood		0.88			0.77
9. Community rewards for prosocial behavior		0.86			0.74
10. Lots of adults to talk to in neighborhood		0.80			0.63
11. Neighborhood attachmenta		0.54			0.29
Family Level
12. Parents notice when child doing good job			0.92		0.85
13. Parents tell child when they are proud of them			0.87		0.76
14. Family opportunities for prosocial involvement			0.80		0.64
15. Family attachmenta			0.68		0.46
School Level
16. School climate - supportive teacher relationshipsa				0.80	0.64
17. School climate - student participationa				0.73	0.53
18. School climate - belonging/acceptancea				0.72	0.52
19. Lots of chances to be part of class discussion				0.66	0.44
20. Commitment to schoola				0.65	0.42
21. Feel safe at school				0.64	0.40
Cronbach’s alpha (α)	0.80	0.87	0.86	0.83
Covariance matrix (r)
1. Citizenship
2. Connectedness to Community	0.25***
3. Connectedness to Family	0.25***	0.41***
4. Connectedness to and Participation in School	0.45***	0.42***	0.44***
Model fit				Estimate
Comparative fit index (CFI)				0.91
Tucker-Lewis index (TLI)				0.90
Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)				0.06
Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)				0.08

Factors 1, 2, 3, and 4 refer to (1) Citizenship, (2) Connectedness to Community, (3) Connectedness to Family, and (4) Connectedness to and Participation in School, respectively. Factor loadings are standardized

^aContinuous variable. R² = squared standardized loading. r = Pearson’s correlation coefficient

***p < 0.001