Table 2.
Medicinal plants with anticancer activity.
| Plant species | Family | Vernacular name | Part used | Method/Solvent of extraction | Study design | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achillea santolina L. | Asteraceae | Kaisoom | Aerial parts | Hydrodistillation/Ethanol | In vitro model (MCF-7) | IC50 : 24.12 (MCF-7) | [38] |
| Chrysanthemum coronarium L. | Asteraceae | Besbas or Bassoum | Aerial parts | Maceration/Methanol | In vitro model (T47D) | IC50: 22.6 (T47D) | [39] |
| It might be a potential source of natural compounds that can be developed into new antineoplastic agents | |||||||
| Ducrosia flabellifolia Boiss. | Apiaceae | AlHaza | Aerial parts | Maceration/Ethanol | In vitro model (MCF-7, Hep-2, Vero) | IC50: 25.34 (MCF-7), 98.0 (Hep-2), and 87.5 (Vero) | [13,40] |
| Elaeagnus angustifolia | Elaeagnaceae | NM | Leaf | Maceration/Ethylacetate | In vitro model (T47D) | IC50: 23.05 (T47D) | [41] |
| Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh | Myrtaceae | NM | Leaf | Percolation/Ethanol | In vivo model (mice), skin cancer induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene | It reduced 8-OHdG in cultured human lymphocytes in a dose-response manner, chromosomal damage, and the incidence number of tumors per animal and delayed the onset of tumors. | [42] |
| Gynandriris sisyrinchium L.Parl | Iridaceae | Sawsan | Leaf & bulb | Isolated compound | In vitro model (HL-60) | The cytotoxic activity against the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells revealed that 3′-Methyl tenuifone (refer to Fig. 2) was the most active (40 μM). The results indicate that the cytotoxicity is mediated by apoptosis. | [30,43] |
| Inula graveolens L. | Asteraceae | NM | Aerial parts | Decoction/Ethanol | In vitro model (MCF-7, T47D) | IC50: 3.8 (MCF-7), 11.0 (T47D). | [25] |
| Inula graveolens L. | Asteraceae | NM | Aerial parts | Hydrodistillation/Volatile oil | In vitro model (MCF-7, T47D) | IC50: 51.5 (MCF-7), 57.2 (T47D) | [44] |
| Inula viscosa | Asteraceae | Taioon | Not mentioned | Isolated compounds | In vitro model (MCF-7, Hep-2, Vero cell) | Nepetin, IC50 : 5.9 (MCF-7), 11.3 (Hep-2), 103.5 (Vero cell) | [9,27] |
| Hispidulin, IC50 : 10.4 (MCF-7), 19.5 (Hep-2), 105.5 (Vero cell) | |||||||
| Inula viscosa | Asteraceae | Taioon | Flowers | Methanol | In vitro model (MCF-7) | IC50:15.8 (MCF-7) | [9,45] |
| Laurus nobilis L. | Lauraceae | Bay leaf | Fruits | Hydrodistillation/Ethanol | In vitro model (T47D, MCF-7) | IC50 : 28 (MCF-7), 12.3 (T47D) | [46] |
| Laurus nobilis L. | Lauraceae | Bay leaf | Leaf | Ethanol | In vitro model (MCF-7) | IC50 : 24.49 (MCF-7) | [47] |
| Mandragora autumnalis Bertol | Solanaceae | Tuffah el melanin, Yabroh | Leaf | Maceration/Ethanol, hexane | In vitro model (MCF-7) | MCF-7, IC50: 100 (ethanol), 400 (hexane) | [48,49] |
| Origanum syriacum | Lamiaceae | Zaatar, Mardakoosh | Leaf | Reflux/Ethanol | In vitro model (MCF-7) | IC50 : 6.4 (MCF-7) | [9,47] |
| Ocimum basilicum | Lamiaceae | Habaq | Leaf | Hydrodistillation/Volatile oil | In vitro model (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, U-87 MG) | IC50: 432.3 (MDA-MB-231), 320.4 (MCF-7), 431.2 (U-87 MG) | [9,50] |
| Ononis hirta | Fabaceae | Showk AL-Jamal | Aerial parts | Maceration/Methanol | In vitro model (MCF-7) | IC50 : 28.0 (MCF-7) | [45] |
| Origanum dayi | Lamiaceae | Zaatar | Aerial parts | Reflux/Ethanol | In vitro model (MCF-7, T47D) | IC50: 99.4 (MCF-7), 250 (T47D) | [43,51] |
| Pistacia atlantica | Anacardiaceae | Bottom | Leaf, galls | Hydrodistillation/Volatile oil | In vitro model (MCF-7, T47D) | Leaves oil, IC50 : 12.9 (MCF-7), 15.7 (T47D) | [52] |
| Gall's oil, IC50:17.5 (T47D) | |||||||
| Pistacia palaestina Boiss. | Anacardiaceae | Bottom | Fruit | Hydrodistillation/Volatile oil | In vitro model (renal cell adenocarcinoma, human amelanotic melanoma cells) | IC50: 204.70 (renal cell adenocarcinoma), 356.98 (human amelanotic melanoma cells) | [36] |
| Salvia dominica L. | Lamiaceae | Meriamia | Leaf | Reflux/Ethanol | In vitro model (MCF-7, T47D, BT-474, vero) | IC50: 5.8 (MCF-7), 12.9 (T47D), 14.0 (BT-474), 5.2 (Vero) | [16] |
| Salvia dominica L. | Lamiaceae | Meriamia | Aerial parts | Decoction/Ethanol | In vitro model (MCF-7, T47D) | IC50: 5.8 (MCF-7), 12.83 (T47D) | [26] |
| Salvia fruticosa | Lamiaceae | Meriamia | Leaf | Reflux/Ethanol | In vitro model (MCF-7, ZR-75-1, BT-474) | IC50: 25.6 (MCF-7), 18.4 (ZR-75-1), 17.4 (BT-474) | [16,53] |
| Salvia horminum | Lamiaceae | Meriamia | Leaf | Reflux/Ethanol | In vitro model (T-47D, BT-474) | IC50: 25.4 (T-47D), 20.5 (BT-474) | [16,43] |
| Salvia triloba L.f. | Lamiaceae | Meriamia | Aerial parts | Reflux/Ethanol | In vitro model (MCF-7, T47D) | IC50 : 29.9 (MCF-7) 38.9 (T47D) | [26,49] |
| The antiproliferative activities of ethanolic extracts from two Salvia spp were found to be due to both apoptosis and necrosis | |||||||
| Salvia ceratophylla | Lamiaceae | Lessan Alhia | Leaf | Reflux/Water | In vitro model (HCT-116, Caco2) | IC50: 28.0 (HCT-116), 9.2 (Caco2) | [43,54] |
| Salvia eigii | Lamiaceae | NF | Leaf | Reflux/Water | In vitro model (HCT-116) | IC50: 30.3 (HCT-116) | [54] |
| Salvia greggii A. | Lamiaceae | Autumn sage | Aerial parts | Hydrodistillation/Volatile oil | In vitro model (MCF-7, HCT116) | IC50: 35.4 (MCF-7), 23.6 (HCT116) | [35] |
| Salvia syriaca | Lamiaceae | Lessan Althor | Leaf | Reflux/Ethanol | In vitro model (T-47D, BT-474) | IC50: 24.1 (MCF-7), 23.9 (BT-474) | [16,43] |
| Salvia triloba | Lamiaceae | Meriamia | Leaf | Reflux/Ethanol | In vitro model (MCF-7) | IC50 25.25 (MCF-7) | [47] |
| Schinus molle | Anacardiaceae | Pepper tree, pink pepper, or Brazilian pepper | Leaf | Hydrodistillation/Volatile oil | In vitro model (HCT116, Caco 2, MCF-7, T47D) | IC50: 43.3 (HCT116), 21.1 (Caco 2), 31.0 (MCF-7), 36.8 (T47D) | [55] |
| Schinus molle | Anacardiaceae | Pepper tree, pink pepper, or Brazilian pepper | Leaf | Infusion/Ethanol | In vitro model (HCT116, Caco 2, MCF-7, T47D) | IC50: 32.8 (HCT116), 47.9 (Caco 2), 28.0 (MCF-7), 42.3 (T47D) | [55] |
| Silybum marianum L. | Asteraceae | Shok Aljmal, Khurfaish Aljmal | Leaf | Percolation/Ethanol | In vivo model (mice), skin cancer induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene | It reduced 8-OHdG in cultured human lymphocytes in a dose-response manner, chromosomal damage, tumor incidence, and papilloma frequency and delayed the onset of tumors. | [9,42] |
| Tamarix aphylla | Tamaricaceae | Athel | Aerial parts | Maceration/Ethanol, water | In vitro model (MCF-7) | IC50 2.2 (water), 26.7 (ethanol), (MCF-7) | [24,43] |
| Viscum cruciatum Sieb. | Santalaceae | Dabaq | Leaf | Maceration/Methanol | In vitro model (Burkitt’s lymphoma cells) | IC50: 14.21 mg/mL (Burkitt’s lymphoma cells) | [33,43] |
| Varthemia iphionoides | Asteraceae | Ktaile | Aerial parts | Soxhlet/Dichlorome-thane | In vitro (EMT6, MCF 7,T47D), in vivo | IC50: 120 (EMT6), 270 (MCF-7), 160 (T47D) | [9,56] |
| Withania obtusifolia | Solanaceae | NM | Leaf | Isolated compounds | In vitro model (MIDA-MB-435, SW-620) | IC50: 1.7 (MIDA-MB-435), 0.3(SW-620) mM | [28] |
BSLT* (brine shrimp lethality test): results are expressed as LC50 values (mg/mL; concentration to kill 50% of the brine shrimp). EC50: is a measure of the concentration of a drug, antibody or toxicant which induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time. Green Monkey Kidney fibroblast. MDA-MB-435 human melanoma, SW-620 human colon cancer. HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia. Caco2 Colorectal adenocarcinoma. HRT18 Rectum adenocarcinoma. A375.S2 Malignant melanoma (epithelial-like), WM1361A Malignant melanoma (melanocyte). * Lethality concentration, EC50 concentration to inhibit growth by 50%, LC50 concentration to kill 50% of the brine shrimp. IC50: is a measurement representing the halfway point in which a compound of interest produces complete inhibition of a biological or biochemical function. NM: no mentioned.