Table 3.
Asteraceae antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
| Scientific name | Method of extraction/Part used | The concentration of plant extract | Type of bacteria | Antimicrobial effect (DZI, MIC) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achillea fragrantissima | Soxhlet, Aerial parts | 400 μg/mL | S. aureus | MIC (mg/mL): 2.9 (80% methanol) | [63] |
| Maceration, whole plant | 0.97–250 mg/mL | S. aureus, MRSA | DZI (mm): 7,7 (methanol) | [67] | |
| Maceration, whole plant | 200 mg/mL | S. aureus | DZI (mm): 19.5 (95% ethanol) | [84] | |
| Decoction, aerial parts | 5–100 mg/mL | S. aureus | MIC (mg/mL): 25 (water), 6.25 (alcohol) | [81] | |
| MRSA | MIC (mg/mL): 12.5 (alcohol) | ||||
| S. pneumoniae | DZI (mm): 12.5 (water), 3.12 (alcohol) | ||||
| B. cereus | MIC (mg/mL): 1.56 (alcohol) | ||||
| E. faecalis | MIC (mg/mL): 12.5 (alcohol) | ||||
| Maceration, aerial parts | 2 mg/disc | S. aureus, B. subtilis, M. luteus | DZI (mm): 24, 8.5, 9.16 (80% methanol) | [87] | |
| Achillea biebersteinni | Maceration, aerial parts | 5–100 mg/mL | S. aureus | DZI (mm): 17.2 (95% ethanol) | [84] |
| Reflux, whole plant | 5–100 mg/mL | S. aureus | MIC(mg/mL): 6.25 (hydro-alcoholic), 25 (water) | [83] | |
| MRSA | MIC (mg/mL): 3.12 (hydro-alcoholic), 25 (water) | ||||
| S. pneumoniae | MIC (mg/mL): 1.56 (hydro-alcoholic) | ||||
| B. cereus | MIC (mg/mL): 1.56 (hydro-alcoholic) | ||||
| E. faecalis | MIC (mg/mL): 12.5 (hydro-alcoholic | ||||
| Maceration, flowers | 100 μg/mL | P. acne | MIC(mg/mL): 10 (methanol) | [91] | |
| Achillea falcata | Reflux, aerial parts | 5–100 mg/mL | S. aureus | MIC (mg/mL): 50 (water) | [82] |
| Reflux, aerial parts | 5–100 mg/mL | S. aureus | MIC (mg/mL): 6.25 (ethanol 70%) | ||
| Reflux, aerial parts | 5–100 mg/mL | MRSA | MIC (mg/mL): 12.5 mg/mL (ethanol 70%) | ||
| Reflux, aerial parts | 5–100 mg/mL | E. faecalis | MIC (mg/mL): 12.5 mg/mL (ethanol 70%) | ||
| Achillea millefolium | Maceration, plantlet | Ethanol 40 mg/100 μl and water 30 mg/100 μl | S. aureus | DZI (mm): 19.0 (water), 20.8 (ethanol) | [94] |
| Achillea membranacea | Maceration, leaves | 500 mg/mL | S. aureus | DZI (mm): 19 (ethanol), 12.3 (methanol) | [57] |
| Maceration, leaves | 500 mg/mL | S. aureus | DZI (mm): 16.0 (water), 13.7 (ethanol), 30.3 (methanol), 12.7 (acetone) | ||
| MRSA | DZI (mm): 26.3 (water), 20.7 (water), 14.3 (methanol), 19.7 (acetone) | ||||
| Achillea santolina | Maceration, NMa | 200 mg/mL | S. aureus | DZI (mm): 11.2 | [84] |
| Achillea tomentosa | Steam distillation, aerial parts | 100 μL of the diluted Volatile oil per each agar well. | S. aureus, B. subtilis | (RIZD 103 ± 4.73%), (RIZD 80%) | [95] |
a
NM: not mentioned. S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus), B. subtilis (Bacillus subtilis), M. luteus (Micoroccocus luteus), S. pneumoniae (Streptococcus pneumoniae), K. pneumoniae (Klebsiella pneumoniae), B. cereus (Bacillus cereus), E. faecalis (Enterococcus faecalis), P. acne (Propionibacterium acne).