. 2023 Jun 2;6:100526. doi: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100526

Table 2.

Phenolic components in honey samples (μg/g).

Phenolic compound	Acacia	Milkweed	Linden	Goldenrod
apigenin	1.43 ± 0.10 ^a	2.82 ± 0.40 ^b	1.21 ± 0.21 ^a	1.29 ± 0.22 ^a
caffeic acid	0.64 ± 0,16 ^a	5.79 ± 0.81 ^b	6.81 ± 1.28 ^b	1.69 ± 0.42 ^c
chlorogenic acid	–	1.08 ± 0.10 ^a	0.36 ± 0.14 ^b	–
chrysin	10.58 ± 0.19 ^a	8.76 ± 0.73 ^b	8.13 ± 0.26 ^b	7.12 ± 0.17 ^c
ferulic acid	0.58 ± 0.09 ^a	1.72 ± 0.19 ^b	3.80 ± 0.33 ^c	0.73 ± 0.09 ^a
galangin	4.25 ± 0.45 ^ab	3.95 ± 0.13 ^a	3.38 ± 0.32 ^bc	2.88 ± 0.24 ^c
gentisic acid	–	0.64 ± 0.41 ^a	0.12	0.31 ± 0.08 ^b
hesperetin	1.69 ± 0.10 ^a	0.98 ± 0.05 ^b	0.92 ± 0.32 ^b	0.34 ± 0.06 ^c
kaempferol	0.88 ± 0.09 ^a	2.03 ± 0.23 ^bc	1.66 ± 0.19 ^b	2.36 ± 0.23 ^c
naringenin	0.33 ± 0.02 ^ab	0.39 ± 0.04 ^a	0.42 ± 0.13 ^ab	0.28 ± 0.03 ^b
p-coumaric acid	1.68 ± 0.42 ^a	6.14 ± 0.58 ^b	7.30 ± 1.18 ^b	2.74 ± 0.30 ^c
p-hydroxybenzoic acid	5.41 ± 0.28 ^a	9.70 ± 0.28 ^b	7.19 ± 0.43 ^c	8.43 ± 1.31 ^bc
p-syringaldehyde	0.54 ± 0.07	–	–	–
pinobanksin	13.76 ± 0.40 ^a	14.14 ± 2.14 ^ab	10.90 ± 1.17 ^bc	9.93 ± 1.33 ^c
protocatechu-aldehyde	0.60 ± 0.18 ^a	1.12 ± 0.35 ^a	0.81 ± 0.15 ^a	0.72 ± 0.29 ^a
quercetin	2.71 ± 0.82	–	–	–
quercitrin	–	0.11	0.19 ± 0.03	–
syringic acid	0.44 ± 0.12 ^a	0.24 ± 0.14 ^a	0.23 ± 0.15 ^a	0.55 ± 0.08 ^b
taxifolin	–	0.21 ± 0.11	–	–
vanillic acid	0.40 ± 0.04 ^a	0.95 ± 0.18 ^b	0.83 ± 0.24 ^b	0.63 ± 0.19 ^ab
Total	52.7 ± 3.5^a	66.5 ± 3.7^b	59.3 ± 3.2^ab	64.2 ± 5.2^b

Data are means ± standard deviations of three independent determinations (n = 3). Mean values of phenolic content with different superscripted letters (a-c) in the same row mean significant differences among various honeys according to Student's t-test (p < 0.01).