Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants by sex
| Characteristics | Total (n = 840) | Male (n = 394) | Female (n = 446) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 18 | 763 (90.8) | 353 (89.6) | 410 (91.9) | 0.242a |
| ≥ 19 | 77 (9.2) | 41 (10.4) | 36 (8.1) | |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||
| Height (cm) | 162.4 ± 8.3 | 168.6 ± 6.3 | 156.9 ± 5.3 | < 0.0001*c |
| Weight (kg) | 52.6 ± 10.2 | 58.3 ± 10.3 | 47.6 ± 6.9 | < 0.0001*c |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 19.9 ± 2.9 | 20.5 ± 3.2 | 19.3 ± 2.5 | < 0.0001*c |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 67.1 ± 7.7 | 69.8 ± 8.2 | 64.7 ± 6.5 | < 0.0001*c |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 88.8 ± 6.2 | 90.0 ± 6.8 | 87.8 ± 5.5 | < 0.0001*c |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.75 ± 0.05 | 0.77 ± 0.05 | 0.74 ± 0.05 | < 0.0001*c |
| WHO classification | ||||
| Underweight | 308 (36.7) | 116 (29.4) | 192 (43.1) | < 0.001*a |
| Normal | 413 (49.2) | 190 (48.2) | 223 (50.0) | |
| Overweight | 70 (8.3) | 50 (12.7) | 20 (4.5) | |
| Obese | 49 (5.8) | 38 (9.6) | 11 (2.5) | |
| Abdominal obesity | 17 (2.0) | 5 (1.3) | 12 (2.7) | 0.144a |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 110.8 ± 9.8 | 115.0 ± 9.3 | 107.0 ± 8.6 | < 0.0001*c |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 69.9 ± 7.7 | 72.9 ± 7.5 | 67.2 ± 6.9 | < 0.0001*c |
| Blood pressure classification | ||||
| Hypertension | 12 (1.4) | 10 (2.5) | 2 (0.5) | < 0.001*a |
| Prehypertension | 281 (33.5) | 213 (54.1) | 68 (15.2) | |
| Normotension | 547 (65.1) | 171 (43.4) | 376 (84.3) | |
| High blood pressured | 293 (34.9) | 223 (56.6) | 70 (15.7) | < 0.001*a |
| Locality | ||||
| Urban | 481 (57.3) | 233 (59.1) | 248 (55.6) | 0.302a |
| Rural | 359 (42.7) | 161 (40.9) | 198 (44.4) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 9 (1.1) | 9 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 0.001*b |
| No | 831 (98.9) | 385 (97.7) | 446 (100) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Yes | 152 (18.1) | 116 (29.4) | 36 (8.1) | < 0.001*a |
| No | 688 (81.9) | 278 (70.6) | 410 (91.9) | |
| Salt intake | ||||
| High | 83 (9.9) | 39 (9.9) | 44 (9.9) | 0.987a |
| Adequate | 757 (90.1) | 355 (90.1) | 402 (90.1) | |
| Fruit/vegetable consumption | ||||
| Low | 668 (79.5) | 302 (76.6) | 366 (82.1) | 0.052a |
| Adequate | 172 (20.5) | 92 (23.4) | 80 (17.9) | |
| Family history of hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 333 (39.6) | 152 (38.6) | 181 (40.6) | 0.553a |
| No | 507 (60.4) | 242 (61.4) | 265 (59.4) | |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Low | 461 (54.9) | 141 (35.8) | 320 (71.7) | < 0.001*a |
| Adequate | 379 (45.1) | 253 (64.2) | 126 (28.3) | |
BP: blood pressure, WHO: World Health Organization
a: χ2 test; b: Fisher’s exact test; c: t-test; d: High blood pressure includes those with prehypertension or hypertension; *: p-value < 0.05