. 2023 Jun 16;23:1166. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16118-4

Table 2.

Cardiovascular risk factors according to blood pressure status and sex

Risk factors		Total (n = 840)		p-value	Male (n = 394)		p-value	Female (n = 446)		p-value
Risk factors		Normal BP (n = 547)	High BP (n = 293)	p-value	Normal BP (n = 171)	High BP (n = 223)	p-value	Normal BP (n = 376)	High BP (n = 70)	p-value
Age > 18 (years)		43 (7.9)	34 (11.6)	0.073^a	16 (9.4)	25 (11.2)	0.550^a	27 (7.2)	9 (12.9)	0.109^a
Body mass index (kg/m²)		19.4 ± 2.6	20.8 ± 3.3	< 0.0001*^c	19.9 ± 3.2	20.9 ± 3.2	0.0019*^c	19.1 ± 2.1	20.4 ± 3.8	0.0001*^c
BMI classification	Underweight	231 (42.2)	77 (26.3)	< 0.001*^a	63 (36.8)	53 (23.8)	0.006*^a	168 (44.7)	24 (34.3)	0.001*^a
	Normal	270 (49.4)	143 (48.8)		80 (46.8)	110 (49.3)		190 (50.5)	33 (47.1)
	Overweight	32 (5.9)	38 (13.0)		19 (11.1)	31 (13.9)		13 (3.5)	7 (10.0)
	Obese	14 (2.6)	35 (12.0)		9 (5.3)	29 (13.0)		5 (1.3)	6 (8.6)
Waist-hip ratio		0.75 ± 0.05	0.77 ± 0.05	< 0.0001*^c	0.77 ± 0.04	0.78 ± 0.05	0.0190*^c	0.73 ± 0.04	0.75 ± 0.05	0.0198*^c
Abnormal obesity		11(2.0)	6 (2.1)	0.971^a	2 (1.2)	3 (1.4)	1.000^b	9 (2.4)	3 (4.3)	0.413^b
Urban		316 (57.8)	165 (56.3)	0.684^a	102 (59.7)	131 (58.7)	0.856^a	214 (56.9)	34 (48.6)	0.197^a
Smoking		5 (0.9)	4 (1.4)	0.727^b	5 (2.9)	4 (1.8)	0.510^b	0 (0)	0 (0)	-
Alcohol consumption		71 (13.0)	81 (27.7)	< 0.001*^a	44 (25.7)	72 (32.3)	0.157^a	27 (7.2)	9 (12.9)	0.109^a
High salt intake		52 (9.5)	31 (10.6)	0.619^a	18 (10.5)	21 (9.4)	0.715^a	34 (9.04)	10 (14.29)	0.177^a
Low fruit/vegetable consumption		439 (80.3)	229 (78.2)	0.472^a	132 (77.2)	170 (76.2)	0.823^a	307 (81.7)	59 (84.3)	0.598^a
Physical inactivity		332 (60.7)	129 (44.0)	< 0.001*^a	59 (34.5)	82 (36.8)	0.642^a	273 (72.6)	47 (67.1)	0.351^a
Family history of hypertension		207 (37.8)	126 (43.0)	0.145^a	63 (36.8)	89 (39.9)	0.535^a	144 (38.3)	37 (52.9)	0.023*^a

^a: χ2 test; ^b: Fisher’s exact test; ^c: t-test; *: p-value < 0.05; BMI: body mass index, BP: blood pressure