Table 1.
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the global sample and according to previous psychiatric history.
| Global |
Psychiatric |
Non-psychiatric |
Test, p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2084 | n = 848 | n = 1236 | ||
| Sex (N, % females) | 1141, 55.5 | 552, 65.6 | 589, 48.0 | χ2 = 63.0; p < 0.001⁎⁎ |
| Age (mean, SD) | 56.2 (17.9) | 53.9 (17.5) | 57.7 (18.0) | t = 4.8; p < 0.001⁎⁎ |
| Hospitalization (N, %) | 1107, 56.2 | 426, 52.9 | 681, 58.5 | χ2 = 6.2; p = 0.169 |
| ICU (N, %) | 118, 6.2 | 44, 5.6 | 74, 6.5 | χ2 = 0.6; p = 0.999 |
| Medical comorbidities (N, %) | 924, 44.3 | 388, 45.8 | 536, 43.4 | χ2 = 1.2; p = 0.999 |
| Financial problems for COVID-19 (N, %) | 598, 29.3 | 264, 31.8 | 334, 27.6 | χ2 = 4.3; p = 0.494 |
| Active workers (N, %) | 991, 47.8 | 407, 48.3 | 584, 47.5 | χ2 = 0.1; p = 0.999 |
| OSSS-3 score (mean, SD) | 10.39 (2.85) | 10.56 (2.76) | 10.13 (2.95) | t = −3.44; p < 0.001⁎⁎ |
| CD-RISC score (mean, SD) | 38.5 (8.2) | 36.7 (8.2) | 39.7 (7.9) | t = 8.3; p < 0.001⁎⁎ |
| Psychiatric history (N, %) | 848, 40.7 | 848, 100.0 | NA | NA |
| AUD | 34, 1.7 | 34, 4.0 | NA | NA |
| Anxiety | 681, 33.1 | 681, 80.3 | NA | NA |
| Bipolar disorder | 37, 1.8 | 37, 4.4 | NA | NA |
| Depression | 401, 19.5 | 401, 47.3 | NA | NA |
| Suicidal ideation (N, %) | 55, 2.7 | 43, 5.1 | 12, 1.0 | χ2 = 32.6; p < 0.001⁎⁎ |
| PHQ-8 score (mean, SD) | 14.0 (5.6) | 16.3 (5.9) | 12.5 (4.7) | t = −15.9; p < 0.001⁎⁎ |
| GAD-7 score (mean, SD) | 12.2 (5.3) | 14.4 (5.7) | 10.8 (4.4) | t = −15.6; p < 0.001⁎⁎ |
| PCL-5 score (mean, SD) | 3.1 (3.5) | 4.3 (3.9) | 2.3 (2.9) | t = −12.7; p < 0.001⁎⁎ |
SD = standard deviation; ICU = intensive care unit; NA = not applicable; OSSS-3 = Oslo Social Support Scale; CD-RISC = The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; AUD = alcohol use disorder; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scale; GAD-7 = General Anxiety Disorder-7 scale; PCL-5 = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5. Medical comorbidities included at least one positive answer at the Self-Administred Medical Comorbidity Questionnaire (SCQ); Suicidal ideation is considered as a positive result at the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) in the last 30 days. All p are adjusted for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction.
Significant at p < 0.001.