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. 2023 Jun 17;79:376–394. doi: 10.1016/j.eap.2023.06.026

Table 2.

Efficiency estimates, unconditional and conditional, March 1 to September 1.

State Unconditional Conditional (Exogenous variables labeled)
Eff. Any 4 All 4 S/B/L SIPO
Alabama 0.6231 0.6264 0.6252 0.6252
Alaska 0.7341 0.7436 0.7432 0.7367
Arizona 0.6481 0.6582 0.6567 0.6519
Arkansas 0.6000 0.6059
California 0.7937 0.8067 0.7988 0.8103
Colorado 0.8650 0.8679 0.8685 0.8685
Connecticut 0.9775 0.9870 0.9775 0.9847
Delaware 0.8697 0.8906 0.8851 0.8772
DC 0.9776 0.9977 0.9847 0.9846
Florida 0.6852 0.6990 0.6949 0.6879
Georgia 0.6983 0.7025 0.7002 0.7008
Hawaii 0.9176 0.9430 0.9368 0.9287
Idaho 0.7596 0.7677 0.7653 0.7632
Illinois 0.7575 0.7629 0.7641 0.7642
Indiana 0.7648 0.7686 0.7687 0.7687
Iowa 0.9827 0.9900
Kansas 0.9244 0.9422 0.9391 0.9285
Kentucky 0.6000 0.6127
Louisiana 0.6877 0.6984 0.6923 0.6923
Maine 0.8186 0.8350 0.8291 0.8342
Maryland 0.9055 0.9288 0.9244 0.9109
Massachusetts 0.8468 0.8812
Michigan 0.7132 0.7173 0.7160 0.7194
Minnesota 0.9737 0.9883 0.9737 0.9812
Mississippi 0.6795 0.6842 0.6816 0.6816
Missouri 0.6337 0.6368 0.6352 0.6360
Montana 0.8225 0.8383 0.8331 0.8254
Nebraska 0.9736 0.9824 0.9732
Nevada 0.7194 0.7245 0.7229 0.7247
New Hampshire 0.8534 0.8671 0.8581 0.8617
New Jersey 0.8278 0.8370 0.8278 0.8351
New Mexico 0.6582 0.6732 0.6727 0.6631
New York 0.7819 0.7874 0.7819 0.7914
North Carolina 0.7469 0.7584 0.7506 0.7519
North Dakota 1.0000 1.0000
Ohio 0.7616 0.7749 0.7714 0.7672
Oklahoma 0.6481 0.6561 0.6552 0.6516
Oregon 0.7650 0.7692 0.7702 0.7806
Pennsylvania 0.8111 0.8154 0.8149 0.8149
Rhode Island 0.8302 0.8484 0.8453 0.8347
South Carolina 0.6757 0.6893 0.6802 0.6781
South Dakota 0.8898 0.8930
Tennessee 0.6067 0.6103 0.6090 0.6090
Texas 0.7707 0.7829 0.7805 0.7735
Utah 0.8316 0.8369 0.8354
Vermont 0.8442 0.8594 0.8524 0.8497
Virginia 0.8097 0.8155 0.8145 0.8166
Washington 0.7427 0.7548 0.7475 0.7492
West Virginia 0.5738 0.5831 0.5824 0.5767
Wisconsin 0.8412 0.8459 0.8462 0.8464
Wyoming 0.8505 0.8567

Mean efficiency (% Point) 0.7857 1.297 0.496 0.393 0.609
Maximum change (% Point) 5.15 (MA) 4.09 (NM) 1.61 (IL) 1.89 (CA)
Minimum change (% Point) 0.00 (ND) 0.00 (NJ) 0.00 (MN) 0.00 (NE)

Census division Eff. Percentage point improvement

New England 0.8618 2.075 0.973 0.555 0.951
Middle Atlantic 0.8069 0.777 0.000 0.474 0.850
East North Central 0.7676 0.811 1.282 0.599 0.721
West North Central 0.9111 0.839 1.592 0.094 0.386
South Atlantic 0.7714 1.693 1.536 0.539 0.608
East South Central 0.6273 0.971 0.340 0.340
West South Central 0.6766 1.325 1.202 0.674 0.518
Mountain 0.7693 1.139 1.371 0.440 0.527
Pacific 0.7906 1.544 1.712 0.649 1.133

Note: To interpret the efficiency estimates, a value of less than 1 for the unconditional and conditional order-m estimators correspond to being “inefficient”, while a value of greater than 1 corresponds to “super-efficient”. SIPO refers to shelter-in-place orders. Business refers to non-essential business closures. Large refers to large gathering bans. Travel refers to mandatory quarantine for travelers. Any 4 refers to any of the 4 policies in place on day j. All 4 refers to all 4 of the policies in place on day j. S/B/L refers to a SIPO, business, and large policy in place on day j.