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. 2023 Jun 17;79:376–394. doi: 10.1016/j.eap.2023.06.026

Table 3.

Efficiency estimates, conditional and unconditional, first 100 days.

State Unconditional Conditional (Exogenous variables labeled)
Eff. Any 4 All 4 S/B/L SIPO SIPO & Dist.
Alabama 0.6231 0.6290 0.6269 0.6269 0.6356
Alaska 0.7341 0.7517 0.7509 0.7389 0.8625
Arizona 0.6481 0.6666 0.6640 0.6551 0.6880
Arkansas 0.6000 0.6096
California 0.7937 0.8057 0.8031 0.8088 0.8164
Colorado 0.8649 0.8700 0.8715 0.8715 0.8828
Connecticut 0.9775 0.9951 0.9775 0.9908 0.9936
Delaware 0.8689 0.9064 0.8974 0.8830 0.8851
DC 0.9774 0.9957 0.9907 0.9907 0.9963
Florida 0.6852 0.7108 0.7031 0.6902 0.7224
Georgia 0.6983 0.7057 0.7018 0.7029 0.7040
Hawaii 0.9175 0.9620 0.9530 0.9336 0.9835
Idaho 0.7595 0.7729 0.7701 0.7664 0.8013
Illinois 0.7575 0.7674 0.7698 0.7698 0.7715
Indiana 0.7654 0.7722 0.7728 0.7738 0.7753
Iowa 0.9826 0.9960
Kansas 0.9244 0.9575 0.9516 0.9320 0.9346
Kentucky 0.6000 0.6227
Louisiana 0.6877 0.6972 0.6962 0.6962 0.7046
Maine 0.8185 0.8473 0.8379 0.8315 0.8679
Maryland 0.9055 0.9481 0.9404 0.9154 0.9179
Massachusetts 0.8462 0.8897
Michigan 0.7132 0.7206 0.7185 0.7248 0.7267
Minnesota 0.9737 0.9861 0.9737 0.9876 0.9882
Mississippi 0.6795 0.6879 0.6834 0.6834 0.6877
Missouri 0.6337 0.6393 0.6364 0.6379 0.6391
Montana 0.8223 0.8507 0.8412 0.8281 0.8329
Nebraska 0.9732 0.9893 0.9732 0.9772
Nevada 0.7194 0.7287 0.7258 0.7291 0.7323
New Hampshire 0.8539 0.8666 0.8629 0.8682 0.8877
New Jersey 0.8275 0.8374 0.8275 0.8425 0.8455
New Mexico 0.6582 0.6860 0.6851 0.6673 0.6692
New York 0.7818 0.7904 0.7818 0.7960 0.8034
North Carolina 0.7469 0.7569 0.7538 0.7562 0.7619
North Dakota 1.0000 1.0000
Ohio 0.7616 0.7616 0.7797 0.7720 0.7736
Oklahoma 0.6481 0.6481 0.6613 0.6545 0.6577
Oregon 0.7650 0.7650 0.7746 0.7788 0.7851
Pennsylvania 0.8111 0.8111 0.8182 0.8182 0.8196
Rhode Island 0.8302 0.8638 0.8581 0.8385 0.8570
South Carolina 0.6767 0.6908 0.6840 0.6802 0.7025
South Dakota 0.8898 0.8956
Tennessee 0.6067 0.6133 0.6109 0.6109 0.6120
Texas 0.7707 0.7930 0.7889 0.7758 0.7769
Utah 0.8316 0.8412 0.8386 0.8551
Vermont 0.8441 0.8711 0.8593 0.8545 0.9139
Virginia 0.8097 0.8203 0.8186 0.8224 0.8259
Washington 0.7427 0.7539 0.7515 0.7547 0.7573
West Virginia 0.5738 0.5909 0.5897 0.5792 0.5835
Wisconsin 0.8412 0.8498 0.8505 0.8509 0.8536
Wyoming 0.8505 0.8620

% Point improvement

Mean efficiency 0.7857 2.1 0.93 0.76 1.0 2.8
Max change 5.2 (MA) 4.1 (NM) 1.6 (IL) 1.9 (CA) 17.5 (AK)
Min change 0.0 (ND) 0.0 (NJ) 0.0 (MN) 0.0 (NE) 0.4 (NE)

Census division Eff % Point improvement

New England 0.8617 3.154 1.801 1.061 1.369 4.128
Middle Atlantic 0.8068 1.091 0.000 0.878 1.504 1.987
East North Central 0.7678 1.492 2.372 1.114 1.365 1.615
West North Central 0.9110 1.356 2.946 0.173 0.738 0.587
South Atlantic 0.7713 2.656 2.843 1.010 1.135 2.279
East South Central 0.6273 1.739 0.629 0.629 1.108
West South Central 0.6766 2.081 2.223 1.247 0.958 1.253
Mountain 0.7693 2.007 2.502 0.824 0.983 2.739
Pacific 0.7906 2.351 3.167 1.201 1.562 6.368

Note: To interpret the efficiency estimates, a value of less than 1 for the unconditional and conditional order-m estimators correspond to being “inefficient”, while a value of greater than 1 corresponds to “super-efficient”. SIPO refers to shelter-in-place orders. Business refers to non-essential business closures. Large refers to large gathering bans. Travel refers to mandatory quarantine for travelers. Any 4 refers to any of the 4 policies in place on day j. All 4 refers to all 4 of the policies in place on day j. S/B/L refers to a SIPO, business, and large policy in place on day j. SIPO & Distance refers to having a SIPO social distancing policy, as well as SafeGraph social mobility environmental variables.