Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratios from logistic regression of disability and falls by high IC and other socioeconomic and lifestyle factors among older adults.
| Variables | ADL difficulty | IADL difficulty | Falls | Multiple falls | Fall-related injury |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High IC | |||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.63*** (0.52–0.76) | 0.71*** (0.60–0.83) | 0.80* (0.67–0.96) | 0.73** (0.58–0.92) | 0.78* (0.61–0.99) |
| Age (in years) | |||||
| 60–69 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 70–79 | 1.42*** (1.23–1.64) | 1.45*** (1.25–1.67) | 0.93 (0.80–1.09) | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 0.81 (0.66–1.01) |
| 80 + | 2.38*** (1.75–3.23) | 2.20*** (1.62–2.99) | 1.14 (0.87–1.51) | 1.27 (0.93–1.75) | 1.09 (0.70–1.71) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 1.18* (1.00–1.39) | 1.76*** (1.54–2.02) | 1.37** (1.15–1.64) | 1.59*** (1.22–2.05) | 1.14 (0.88–1.48) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Currently in union | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Widowed | 1.02 (0.87–1.18) | 1.26** (1.10–1.45) | 1.08 (0.93–1.25) | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) |
| Others | 0.82 (0.54–1.24) | 1.16 (0.84–1.59) | 0.82 (0.51–1.31) | 0.67 (0.34–1.32) | 0.43* (0.19–0.99) |
| Education | |||||
| No/primary | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Secondary | 0.73*** (0.60–0.89) | 0.62*** (0.51–0.75) | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | 0.88 (0.67–1.15) | 0.85 (0.64–1.12) |
| Higher | 0.65* (0.45–0.93) | 0.50*** (0.38–0.65) | 0.71* (0.52–0.98) | 0.52*** (0.33–0.82) | 0.53*** (0.35–0.81) |
| Work status | |||||
| Never worked | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Not working | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 1.22* (1.05–1.43) | 1.38*** (1.14–1.66) | 1.40** (1.08–1.81) | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) |
| Working | 0.69*** (0.57–0.84) | 0.84* (0.72–0.99) | 1.75*** (1.44–2.14) | 1.68*** (1.27–2.23) | 1.74*** (1.32–2.29) |
| Retired | 1.64** (1.18–2.27) | 1.04 (0.77–1.39) | 1.19 (0.87–1.65) | 1.39 (0.88–2.18) | 1.09 (0.72–1.65) |
| Tobacco use | |||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 1.12 (0.94–1.32) | 1.16 (0.92–1.47) | 0.85 (0.66–1.09) |
| Episodic alcohol drinking | |||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.95 (0.62–1.46) | 1.04 (0.81–1.32) | 1.21 (0.88–1.66) | 1.50* (1.00–2.25) | 1.12 (0.71–1.75) |
| Yoga | |||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 1.45*** (1.20–1.74) | 1.45** (1.15–1.83) | 1.16 (0.92–1.48) |
| SRH | |||||
| Very good | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Good | 0.77 (0.43–1.36) | 1.31 (0.94–1.83) | 1.10 (0.72–1.68) | 1.36 (0.67–2.74) | 0.91 (0.54–1.55) |
| Fair | 1.28 (0.74–2.21) | 1.99*** (1.43–2.77) | 1.45* (0.96–2.19) | 2.49** (1.24–4.99) | 1.15 (0.69–1.92) |
| Poor | 2.15*** (1.22–3.77) | 2.57*** (1.82–3.61) | 2.06*** (1.33–3.20) | 3.19*** (1.54–6.58) | 1.55 (0.87–2.77) |
| Very poor | 4.45*** (2.34–8.46) | 3.47*** (2.16–5.57) | 1.97* (1.08–3.59) | 3.81*** (1.62–8.99) | 2.14 (0.98–4.66) |
| Morbidity | |||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Single | 1.21* (1.04–1.42) | 1.20** (1.06–1.36) | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | 0.93 (0.74–1.16) | 1.14 (0.90–1.44) |
| Two | 1.64*** (1.38–1.96) | 1.34*** (1.15–1.55) | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 1.17 (0.88–1.56) |
| Three plus | 2.12*** (1.66–2.71) | 2.69*** (1.85–3.92) | 1.15 (0.87–1.52) | 1.36 (0.97–1.93) | 1.49* (1.03–2.15) |
| MPCE quintile | |||||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Poorer | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | 1.25* (1.01–1.55) | 1.20 (0.89–1.63) | 1.30 (0.95–1.77) |
| Middle | 1.18 (0.96–1.44) | 1.01 (0.86–1.20) | 1.17 (0.94–1.46) | 1.12 (0.84–1.51) | 1.53* (1.11–2.11) |
| Richer | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | 1.28* (1.02–1.59) | 1.23 (0.91–1.66) | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) |
| Richest | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | 1.04 (0.84–1.28) | 1.51*** (1.21–1.89) | 1.27 (0.93–1.74) | 2.16*** (1.59–2.95) |
| Religion | |||||
| Hindu | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Muslim | 0.99 (0.82–1.18) | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 0.87 (0.64–1.20) | 0.88 (0.64–1.21) |
| Others | 1.01 (0.80–1.29) | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) | 1.03 (0.81–1.31) | 1.25 (0.92–1.70) | 0.79 (0.55–1.14) |
| Caste | |||||
| SC/ST | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| OBC | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) | 1.15* (1.01–1.31) | 1.07 (0.89–1.29) | 1.40** (1.09–1.80) | 0.89 (0.69–1.16) |
| Others | 1.00 (0.84–1.18) | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 1.29* (1.06–1.58) | 1.64*** (1.23–2.18) | 1.05 (0.80–1.38) |
| Place of residence | |||||
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Rural | 1.28** (1.10–1.48) | 1.63*** (1.43–1.87) | 1.22* (1.03–1.44) | 1.17 (0.94–1.46) | 1.09 (0.86–1.39) |
| Region | |||||
| North | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Central | 1.88*** (1.49–2.36) | 1.10 (0.93–1.29) | 1.48** (1.18–1.87) | 1.80*** (1.32–2.45) | 1.35 (0.98–1.86) |
| East | 2.75*** (2.24–3.37) | 1.38*** (1.18–1.60) | 1.61*** (1.31–1.98) | 1.45** (1.10–1.91) | 1.68*** (1.26–2.25) |
| Northeast | 1.66*** (1.28–2.15) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 0.98 (0.73–1.31) | 1.02 (0.68–1.53) | 1.14 (0.76–1.71) |
| West | 1.54*** (1.22–1.95) | 1.72*** (1.43–2.07) | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | 0.95 (0.68–1.33) | 0.58*** (0.41–0.82) |
| South | 4.20*** (3.37–5.24) | 1.44*** (1.21–1.70) | 1.56*** (1.22–2.00) | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) | 1.87*** (1.36–2.58) |
| Constant | 0.05*** (0.03–0.10) | 0.12*** (0.08–0.18) | 0.03*** (0.02–0.05) | 0.01*** (0.00–0.02) | 0.02*** (0.01–0.05) |
* if p-value < 0.05, ** if p-value < 0.005, and *** if p-value < 0.001; aOR OR adjusted for all the covariates, ADL activities of daily living, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, MPCE monthly per capita consumption expenditure.