Table 3.
Bivariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis
| Bivariate Analysis - Variables | OR | 95% CI | p-value |
| Age | 1.05 | 1.01–1.08 | 0.010 |
| Sex | 1.64 | 0.85–3.15 | 0.135 |
| Education, university vs no university | 2.07 | 0.10–53.5 | 0.612 |
| Living status, alone vs with a partner/family | 1.10 | 0.41–2.73 | 0.837 |
| Time since diagnosis | 0.76 | 0.51–1.13 | 0.175 |
| EDSS score | 1.20 | 0.90–1.62 | 0.248 |
| 9-HPT score | 1.03 | 1.00–1.10 | 0.245 |
| T25-FW score | 0.71 | 0.33–1.50 | 0.369 |
| SDMT, >49 vs ≤49 correct answers | 1.21 | 0.66–2.25 | 0.535 |
| SyMS score | 1.11 | 1.04–1.13 | <0.001 |
| B-IPQ score | 1.11 | 1.08–1.20 | <0.001 |
| MSIS-29 Physical impact score | 1.04 | 1.02–1.10 | 0.001 |
| MSIS-29 Psychological impact | 1.05 | 1.03–1.10 | <0.001 |
| MFIS-5 score | 1.20 | 1.11–1.30 | <0.001 |
| Pain VAS score | 1.02 | 1.00–1.04 | 0.018 |
| HADS Anxiety score | 3.94 | 1.74–10.20 | 0.002 |
| HADS Depression score | 1.64 | 1.40–2.10 | <0.001 |
| SSCI-8 score | 3.12 | 1.70–5.90 | <0.001 |
| PDQ-5 score | 1.13 | 1.05–1.23 | 0.003 |
| MSWDQ-23 total score | 1.05 | 1.03–1.08 | <0.001 |
| MSWDQ-23 Physical barriers score | 1.04 | 1.02–1.07 | 0.001 |
| MSWDQ-23 Psychological/cognitive barriers score | 1.05 | 1.03–1.10 | <0.001 |
| MSWDQ-23 External barriers score | 1.04 | 1.02–1.06 | <0.001 |
| Under DMT | 1.00 | 0.48–2.20 | 0.998 |
| Multivariate analysis - Variables | OR | 95% CI | p-value |
| Age | 1.05 | 1.00–1.10 | 0.035 |
| B-IPQ score | 1.10 | 1.04–1.20 | 0.001 |
| HADS Anxiety score | 0.30 | 0.10–1.24 | 0.099 |
| HADS Depression score | 1.80 | 1.40–2.40 | <0.001 |
| MSWDQ-23 Physical barriers score | 0.94 | 0.03–0.89 | 0.096 |
| MSWDQ-23 Psychological/cognitive barriers score | 1.06 | 1.01–1.11 | 0.029 |
Abbreviations: 9-HPT, 9-Hole Peg Test; B-IPQ, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire; CI, Confidence interval; DMT, Disease-modifying therapy; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MFIS-5, 5-item Modified Fatigue Scale; MSIS-29, Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale; MSWDQ-23, 23-item Multiple Sclerosis Work Difficulties Questionnaire; MSWS-12, Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale; OR, Odds ratio; PDQ-5, Perceived Deficits Questionnaire; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Scale; SSCI-8, Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness; SyMS, SymptoMScreen; T25-FW, Timed 25-Foot Walk; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.