TABLE 4.
Effects of interventions.
| Study | Effect size | Confidence interval | Effect of intervention |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Álvarez‐Barbosa et al. (2014) |
mobility and lower limb performance; TUG (p = <0.001), 30 s‐CSTS (p = 0.006) | 95% |
Increase in performance increases in peak power, number of repetitions |
| HRQoL (EQ‐5D) mobility (p < 0.001), EQ‐5D utility (p < 0.001), EQ‐5DVAS (p = 0.014) | increase in HRQoL | ||
| Barthel Index (p = 0.003) | increase in ADL | ||
| postural stability (p > 0.05) | no significant effect | ||
| Rezola‐Pardo et al. (2020) |
multicomponent group: short physical performance battery (p < 0.01) gait speed test (p < 0.01) chair stand (p < 0.001) arm curl (p < 0.001) Timed up and Go Test (TUG) (p < 0.05) Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (p < 0.05) |
95% |
improvement improvement improvement improvement improvement improvement |
|
walking group: short physical performance battery gait speed test chair stand arm curl TUG BBS |
no significant effect no significant effect no significant effect no significant effect no significant effect no significant effect |
||
|
Both groups Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (p < 0.05) Quality of Life Alzheimer's Disease Scale (p < 0.01) Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Montreal Cognitive Assessment test de Jong‐Gierveld loneliness scale |
reduction in anxiety increase in quality of life no significant effect no significant effect no significant effect |
||
|
Lobo et al. (2010) |
aerobic training, strength training (p < 0.05) health education |
95% |
Increase in physical activity (vs. control group and vs. baseline) increase in cardiovascular variables no significant effect |
| aerobic training, strength training, health education HRQoL | no significant effect | ||
| strength training (p < 0.05) | increase in the following: lower body strength (vs. baseline; vs. after intervention), upper body strength (vs. baseline; vs. after intervention), aerobic endurance (vs. control group), lower body flexibility (vs. baseline; vs. after intervention), upper body flexibility (vs. baseline), agility/dynamic balance | ||
| aerobic training (p < 0.05) | improvement in aerobic endurance (vs. baseline, control group), lower body strength (vs. control group, baseline, HE), agility/dynamic balance (vs. control group, HE, baseline, after intervention), BMI (vs. control group HE) | ||
| health education | no significant effect | ||
|
Quehenberger et al. (2014) |
1 year follow‐up |
||
| HRQoL (EQ‐5D) | N/A | no significant effect | |
| p = 0.02 | subjective health status (vs. baseline) | ||
| p = 0.047 | reduction in reported pain and discomfort (baseline to follow‐up) | ||
| p = 0.26 | reported problems with pain and discomfort, no significant effect (intervention period) | ||
|
Hewitt et al. (2018) |
incidence rate ratio = 0.45 | 95% | reduction in the rate of falls |
| p = 0.02 | increase in physical performance | ||
| QoL, cognition | no significant effect | ||
|
Stanmore et al. (2019) |
p = 0.007 | 95% | reduction in fear of falling |
| p = 0.02 | reduction in pain | ||
| p = 0.003 | positive impact on balance | ||
| QoL | no significant effect | ||
|
Krist et al. (2013) |
p = 0.005 | 95% | increase in mobility |
| p = 0,027 | increase in number of sit‐up repetitions | ||
| p < or = 0,008 | increase in muscle strength | ||
| QoL (p = 0,29) | no significant effect | ||
| physical functioning (p = 0.54) | no significant effect | ||
| Bell et al. (2011) | very limited and sporadic in Control, Autonomy, Self‐Realization and Pleasure‐19 (CASP‐19), Social Provisions Scale (SPA), Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (M‐FES) | 95% | no significant effect |
|
Mouton et al. (2017) |
p = 0.04 after intervention, p = 0.03 after 3 months | 95% | increase in physical activity |
| p = 0.01 after intervention, p = 0.02 after 3 months | increase in energy expenditure/day | ||
| p < 0.05 after 3 months | increases in QoL, balance and gait, ankle strength | ||
|
Özyemişci‐Taşkiran et al. (2014) |
p = 0.026 (subcategory QoL) | 95% | decrease in sleep problems (increase in sleep quality) (yoga) |
| p = 0.037 (subcategory QoL) | decrease in emotional reaction (yoga) | ||
| p = 0.017 | increase in hand grip strength (yoga) | ||
| p = 0.019 | increase in sit and reach performance (yoga) | ||
| after 6 months | no persistent effect | ||
Note: The bold term quality of life results refers the bold values in the table. The mobility results are the other values in the table.