. 2023 Jun 5;14:1187261. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1187261

Table 1.

Glucose-Insulin Metabolism Derangement.

GLUCOSE-INSULIN METABOLISM DERANGEMENT
•Birth weight is related to increased risk of T2D in children and adults •Children born SGA have lower insulin sensitivity and increased risk of T2D •Accelerated early weight gain increases insulin resistance in childhood and adulthood •Children born preterm have greater insulin resistance and the effect of prematurity is independent of intrauterine growth •Preterm birth is associated with higher HOMA-IR, increased fasting glucose and insulin levels •Adults born prematurely have altered OGTT, increased cardiovascular risk and centralization of fat distribution •Preterm birth may be a risk factor for T1D, while being born SGA seems to be protective for T1D
Healthcare professionals should promptly recognize glucose-insulin alterations in subjects born SGA and/or preterm, especially in presence of early weight gain

GLUCOSE-INSULIN METABOLISM DERANGEMENT

•Birth weight is related to increased risk of T2D in children and adults
•Children born SGA have lower insulin sensitivity and increased risk of T2D
•Accelerated early weight gain increases insulin resistance in childhood and adulthood
•Children born preterm have greater insulin resistance and the effect of prematurity is independent of intrauterine growth
•Preterm birth is associated with higher HOMA-IR, increased fasting glucose and insulin levels
•Adults born prematurely have altered OGTT, increased cardiovascular risk and centralization of fat distribution
•Preterm birth may be a risk factor for T1D, while being born SGA seems to be protective for T1D

Healthcare professionals should promptly recognize glucose-insulin alterations in subjects born SGA and/or preterm, especially in presence of early weight gain

HOMA-IR, HOmeostatic Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance; OGTT, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test; SGA, Small for Gestational Age; T1D, Type-1 Diabetes; T2D, Type-2 Diabetes.