Table 2.
Hazard ratios for all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to the number of natural teeth or denture use.
| Characteristic | Number of deaths (incidence rate, per 1,000 person-year, %) | Unadjusted model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Number of natural teeth | |||||
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| 20+ | 214 (56.7) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 10–19 | 257 (82.4) | 1.45 (1.21–1.74) | 1.11 (0.92–1.33) | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) |
| 1–9 | 657 (143.4) | 2.54 (2.18–2.96) | 1.39 (1.19–1.64) | 1.43 (1.21–1.68) | 1.43 (1.21–1.68) |
| 0 | 998 (187.6) | 3.33 (2.87–3.86) | 1.54 (1.32–1.80) | 1.65 (1.40–1.95) | 1.66 (1.41–1.96) |
| p-value for trenda | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Number of teeth (continuous variable) | 0.95 (0.95–0.96) | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) | |
| Cardiovascular disease mortality | |||||
| 20+ | 45 (13.2) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 10–19 | 60 (22.1) | 1.67 (1.13–2.45) | 1.23 (0.83–1.82) | 1.26 (0.85–1.86) | 1.32 (0.89–1.95) |
| 1–9 | 139 (38.2) | 2.86 (2.04–4.00) | 1.44 (1.02–2.05) | 1.49 (1.04–2.12) | 1.57 (1.10–2.24) |
| 0 | 191 (49.0) | 3.64 (2.63–5.04) | 1.56 (1.11–2.19) | 1.67 (1.16–2.39) | 1.83 (1.28–2.63) |
| p-value for trenda | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.004 | <0.001 | |
| Number of teeth (continuous variable) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | |
| Respiratory disease mortality | |||||
| 20+ | 30 (8.9) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 10–19 | 33 (12.5) | 1.40 (0.85–2.29) | 1.07 (0.65–1.77) | 1.02 (0.62–1.70) | 1.03 (0.62–1.73) |
| 1–9 | 62 (17.8) | 1.99 (1.28–3.07) | 1.23 (0.78–1.93) | 1.27 (0.80–2.01) | 1.25 (0.79–1.99) |
| 0 | 91 (24.3) | 2.70 (1.78–4.07) | 1.43 (0.93–2.21) | 1.57 (0.99–2.50) | 1.67 (0.98–2.65) |
| p-value for trenda | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.06 | |
| Number of teeth (continuous variable) | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | |
| Cancer mortality | |||||
| 20+ | 17 (5.1) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 10–19 | 20 (7.6) | 1.50 (0.79–2.87) | 1.56 (0.81–3.00) | 1.62 (0.83–3.13) | 1.55 (0.79–3.04) |
| 1–9 | 34 (9.9) | 1.95 (1.09–3.48) | 2.12 (1.16–3.87) | 2.11 (1.13–3.91) | 2.11 (1.13–3.92) |
| 0 | 36 (9.8) | 1.94 (1.09–3.46) | 2.12 (1.15–3.89) | 2.11 (1.08–4.11) | 2.21 (1.13–4.33) |
| p-value for trenda | 0.01 | 0.007 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Number of teeth (continuous variable) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | |
| Other cause mortality | |||||
| 20+ | 122 (34.1) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 10–19 | 144 (49.8) | 1.46 (1.15–1.86) | 1.03 (0.81–1.31) | 1.05 (0.82–1.34) | 1.03 (0.81–1.32) |
| 1–9 | 422 (101.4) | 2.98 (2.43–3.64) | 1.39 (1.13–1.72) | 1.42 (1.15–1.76) | 1.42 (1.15–1.76) |
| 0 | 680 (142.3) | 4.17 (3.44–5.06) | 1.61 (1.31–1.97) | 1.72 (1.39–2.13) | 1.71 (1.38–2.12) |
| p-value for trenda | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Number of teeth (continuous variable) | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) | |
| Denture use | |||||
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| Without dentures | 1,523 (144.8) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| With dentures | 603 (96.1) | 0.66 (0.60–0.73) | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) | 0.79 (0.71–0.87) | 0.79 (0.71–0.88) |
| Cardiovascular disease mortality | |||||
| Without dentures | 304 (36.6) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| With dentures | 131 (24.5) | 0.67 (0.55–0.82) | 0.90 (0.73–1.11) | 0.81 (0.64–1.01) | 0.80 (0.64–1.00) |
| Respiratory disease mortality | |||||
| Without dentures | 154 (19.1) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| With dentures | 62 (12.0) | 0.63 (0.47–0.84) | 0.79 (0.58–1.06) | 0.71 (0.51–0.98) | 0.66 (0.48–0.92) |
| Cancer mortality | |||||
| Without dentures | 61 (7.7) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| With dentures | 46 (8.9) | 1.15 (0.78–1.68) | 1.17 (0.79–1.73) | 0.92 (0.60–1.43) | 0.90 (0.58–1.40) |
| Other cause mortality | |||||
| Without dentures | 957 (100.5) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| With dentures | 333 (57.9) | 0.60 (0.53–0.68) | 0.86 (0.76–0.98) | 0.76 (0.67–0.87) | 0.77 (0.68–0.88) |
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. Model 1: adjusted for baseline age, sex, residence, living arrangement, economic status, education, and marital status. Model 2: further adjusted for smoking status, drinking status, regular exercise, fruit intake, vegetable intake, meat intake, fish intake, and egg intake, and further adjusted for denture use in the natural tooth model and further adjusted for the number of natural teeth in the denture use model. Model 3: further adjusted for body mass index, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, respiratory disease, and cancer.
a
Test for trend based on the variable containing the median value for each group.