Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 May 26;15(5):400–420. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i5.400

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

PMC Copyright notice

Schematic representation of the molecular effects after priming of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) can be primed through various stimuli, including hypoxia, three-dimensional cultures, and pro-inflammatory cytokines to enhance their therapeutic potential. Each priming method induces the production of specific factors (e.g., trophic factors, angiogenetic factors, chemokines, cytokines, and exosomes containing both proteins and microRNAs), which induce the activation of biological processes such as angiogenesis, tissue repair/regeneration, chemoattraction, and modulation of inflammation. Each priming strategy seems to stimulate the production of functional factors in a different way, thus eliciting different responses. miRNA: MicroRNA; VEGF: Vascular endothelial-derived growth factor; CXCR: Chemokine receptor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; MMP: Matrix metallopeptidase; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; SDF: Stromal cell-derived factor; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor; ICAM: Intercellular adhesion molecules; MCP: Monocyte chemoattractant protein; IL: Interleukin; LIF: Leukemia inhibitory factor; PIGF: Placental growth factor; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; FGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; GRO: Growth-related oncogene; TGF: Transforming growth factor; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; PDL1-2: Programmed death ligand 1-2; MIG: Monokine induced by interferon-gamma; G-CSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; IP-10: Induced protein 10; MIP: Macrophage inflammatory protein; IRI: Ischemia/reperfusion injury; MSCs: Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; 3D: Three-dimensional.