Table 2.

Logistic Regression of Preventable Emergency Department Visits by Health Information Technology Patient Engagement Functionalities

VARIABLE	OR	SE	p
Race
Non-Hispanic White	Ref
Non-Hispanic Black	1.386	0.004	<0.001
Hospital HIT-PE functionalities
Low/below median (0–10)	Ref
High/above median (11–13)	0.992	0.002	<0.001
Black*high HIT-PE
No	Ref
Yes	0.977	0.003	<0.001
Gender
Male	Ref
Female	1.242	0.002	<0.001
Age group
18–34 years old	Ref
35–64 years old	0.914	0.002	<0.001
65+ years old	0.853	0.003	<0.001
Primary payer
Private	Ref
Medicare	1.147	0.003	<0.001
Medicaid	1.272	0.003	<0.001
Other	1.203	0.003	<0.001
Elixhauser comorbidities
0	Ref
≥1	1.072	0.002	<0.001
Time index
Q1	Ref
Q2	0.901	0.002	<0.001
Q3	0.871	0.002	<0.001
Q4	0.966	0.002	<0.001
Income quartile by ZIP code
76th–100th percentile	Ref
0–25th percentile	1.189	0.004	<0.001
26th–50th percentile	1.140	0.003	<0.001
51th–75th percentile	1.106	0.003	<0.001
County average percent African American
Below average (<15.50%)	Ref
Above average (≥15.50%)	1.038	0.002	<0.001
Urban/rural residence
Urban	Ref
Rural	1.012	0.003	<0.001
Hospital beds
<200	Ref
200–299	0.954	0.002	<0.001
300–499	0.907	0.002	<0.001
≥500	0.836	0.002	<0.001
Hospital teaching status
No	Ref
Yes	1.049	0.003	<0.001
Hospital ownership
For profit	Ref
Not-for-profit	0.956	0.003	<0.001
Government	0.949	0.003	<0.001
States
North Carolina	Ref
Arizona	0.906	0.003	<0.001
Florida	0.966	0.002	<0.001
Kentucky	0.907	0.003	<0.001
Maryland	0.790	0.003	<0.001
Vermont	0.885	0.010	<0.001
Wisconsin	0.885	0.003	<0.001

Note: Authors' analysis of the 2019 State Emergency Department Databases, Area Health Resources File, and AHAIT. p Value is based on the χ² test. HIT-PE is the use of hospital-based HIT functionalities for the active involvement of patients and measured using 13 functionalities in the AHAIT. N = 6,543,514.

OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error.