Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies

Article no.	Refs.	Study design	Assessment tool used	Sample size (N)	Participants	Setting/US region
1	Bleacher et al17	Prospective cohort	11-Item survey, locally developed	2018 Patients, 45 providers	Patients and providers	AMC; Mid-west
2	Bensken et al35	Retrospective cohort	ICD-10 and z-codes in national data set	13+ Million patients	Patients	Multiple sites
3	Cottrell et al34	Retrospective cohort	15-Item survey based on PREPARE	31,549 Patients	Patients	Health information network; West Coast
4	Navathe et al36	Retrospective cohort	EHR, administrative data sets	93,606 Patients	Physician notes, patients EHR	AMC; Northeast
5	Schickedanz et al16	Cross-sectional	21-Item survey locally developed	258	Providers	Integrated health system; West Coast
6	Fraze et al22	Cross-sectional	National Survey of Healthcare Organizations and Systems	739 Hospitals, 2190 practices	Varied: Directors, managers	Multiple sites
7	Losonczy et al18	Cross-sectional	40-Item survey locally developed	432	ED physicians	Multiple sites
8	Phillips et al31	Cross-sectional	71-Item survey adapted from Persaud 2018	768	Providers	AMC; Mid-west
9	Purnell et al24	Cross-sectional	3 Validated surveys (Weissman 2005; Paez 2008)	1220	Physicians	AMC; Northeast
10	Rogers et al30	Cross-sectional	8-Item survey locally developed	1161	Patients	Multiple sites
11	Sand-Jecklin et al19	Cross-sectional	Brief Health Literacy Screen (patients), 10-item survey locally developed	25,557 patients, 119 nurses	Patients, nurses	AMC: Southeast
12	Wahab et al20	Cross-sectional	REALM-8 (patients) 27-item survey locally developed (providers)	113 Pairs	Patients and providers	AMC; Mid-west
13	Zettler et al32	Cross-sectional	10-item survey locally developed	165	Providers	Multiple sites
14	Cartier and Gottlieb21	Mixed methods	Multiple surveys, interviews	Multiple, 95–7002	Patients and providers	Multiple sites
15	Freibott et al27	Mixed methods	PRAPARE survey, staff interviews	692 Patients, 8 care staff	Patients and providers	AMC; Northeast
16	Hamity et al23	Mixed methods	Surveys/interviews, focus groups	68 Patients, 90 clinicians	Patients and providers	Integrated health system; multiple US regions
17	Kostelanetz et al15	Mixed methods	21-Item survey adapted from Schickedanz 2019	193	Providers	AMC; South
18	Norton et al29	Mixed methods	Survey from OCHIN	53	Patients	AMC; Northeast
19	Wallace et al25	Mixed methods	10-item survey developed locally, interviews, focus groups	2821 Patients, 10 staff	Patients and providers	AMC; West
20	Dauner and Loomer33	Qualitative	Interviews, focus groups	37	Providers	Multiple sites
21	Drake et al28	Qualitative	Interviews, focus groups	10 Patients, 5 case managers	Patients and case managers	AMC; Southeast
22	Powell et al26	Qualitative	Focus groups, interviews	39	Providers	AMC; Northeast

AMC, academic medical center; ED, emergency department; EHR, electronic health record; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, 10^th Revision; PREPARE, Protocol for Responding to and Assessing Patients' Assets, Risks, and Experiences; SDOH, social determinants of health.