Table 1.
Demographic and clinical features of neonates with surgical NEC stratified by BPD status
| N | Overall n (%)/median (IQR) N = 92 | Non/mild BPD n (%)/median (IQR) N = 21 | Moderate to severe BPD n (%)/median (IQR) N = 71 | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 92 | 27 (29.3) | 8 (38.1) | 19 (26.8) | 0.31 |
| Maternal chronic hypertension | 79 | 14 (17.7) | 3(16.7) | 11 (18.0) | 1 |
| Chorioamnionitis | 91 | 9 (9.9) | 0 (0.00) | 9 (12.9) | 0.11 |
| Antenatal steroids | 90 | 65 (72.2) | 9 (45.0) | 56 (80.0) | 0.002 |
| Gestational age (wk) | 92 | 26.2 (24.3, 29.3) | 31.6 (28.4, 32.6) | 25.2 (24, 27) | <0.001 |
| Birth weight (g) | 92 | 767.5 (640, 1,125) | 1,600.0 (1,030.0, 2,095.0) | 710.0 (620.0, 911.0) | <0.001 |
| Small for gestational age | 92 | 30 (32.6) | 7 (33.3) | 23 (32.4) | 0.93 |
| Gender (female) | 92 | 32 (34.8) | 5 (23.8) | 27 (38.0) | 0.22 |
| Ethnicity | 92 | 0.34 | |||
| Caucasian | 17 (18.5) | 2 (9.5) | 15(21.1) | ||
| African American | 71 (77.2) | 18 (85.7) | 53 (74.6) | ||
| Latino | 2 (2.2) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (1.4) | ||
| Other | 2 (2.2) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (2.8) | ||
| Mode of delivery | 92 | 0.38 | |||
| C-section | 64 (69.6) | 13 (61.9) | 51 (71.8) | ||
| Vaginal | 28 (30.4) | 8 (38.1) | 20 (28.2) | ||
| Apgar’s score <6 at 5 min | 91 | 28 (30.8) | 4 (19.0) | 24 (34.3) | 0.18 |
| Outborn | 92 | 56 (60.9) | 12(57.1) | 44 (62.0) | 0.69 |
| Patent ductus arteriosus | 92 | 54 (58.7) | 6 (28.6) | 48 (67.6) | 0.001 |
| Patent ductus arteriosus, indomethacin treated | 92 | 12 (13.0) | 0 (0.00) | 12 (16.9) | 0.06 |
| Patent ductus arteriosus, surgically ligated | 92 | 5 (5.4) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (7.0) | 0.58 |
| Central line present (d) | 87 | 52 (30, 80) | 30.5 (14.5, 60) | 59.0 (36.0, 93.0) | 0.010 |
| Positive blood culture sepsis | 92 | 31 (33.7) | 8 (38.1) | 23 (32.4) | 0.62 |
| CRP on day of NEC onset (mg/L) | 79 | 3.2 (1.2, 8) | 2.6 (0.9, 4.6) | 4.7 (1.4, 8.5) | 0.08 |
| CRP at 24 h after NEC onset (mg/L) | 72 | 8 (3, 19.4) | 5.4 (1.6, 17.0) | 8.5 (3.0, 19.8) | 0.16 |
| CRP at 48 h after NEC onset (mg/L) | 60 | 14.9 (3.3, 21.9) | 7.8 (3.3, 20.3) | 15.5 (3.9, 22.0) | 0.39 |
| CRP at 96 h after NEC onset (mg/L) | 64 | 7.2 (4.1, 15.6) | 5.4 (4.3, 24.5) | 7.6 (4.1, 15.5) | 0.93 |
| CRP at 1 wk after NEC onset (mg/L) | 64 | 5.3 (2.9, 8.2) | 7.4 (6.8, 10.4) | 4.8 (2.5, 8.0) | 0.07 |
| CRP at 2 wk after NEC onset (mg/L) | 61 | 3.4 (1.9, 5.7) | 8.1 (3.1, 14.7) | 3.4 (1.7, 5.3) | 0.03 |
| Cholestasis at NEC onset | 90 | 59 (65.6) | 8 (42.1) | 51 (71.8) | 0.015 |
| AKI by serum creatinine | 92 | 0.24 | |||
| No AKI | 46 (50.0) | 14 (66.7) | 32 (45.1) | ||
| Stage 1 | 19 (20.7) | 3(14.3) | 16 (22.5) | ||
| Stage 2 | 12 (13.0) | 3(14.3) | 27 (38.0) | ||
| Stage 3 | 15 (16.3) | 1 (4.8) | 8(11.3) | ||
| AKI by urine output | 92 | 0.011 | |||
| No AKI | 47 (51.1) | 14 (66.7) | 33 (46.5) | ||
| Stage 1 | 4 (4.3) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (4.2) | ||
| Stage 2 | 28 (30.4) | 1 (4.8) | 27 (38.0) | ||
| Stage 3 | 13 (14.1) | 5 (23.8) | 8(11.3) | ||
| Severe AKI vs. non-severe AKI Stage 2/3 vs. 0/1 | 92 | 54 (58.7) | 6 (28.6) | 48 (67.6) | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; CRP, C-reactive protein (mg/L); IQR, interquartile range; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis.
Note: Categorical variables are presented as count (percentage). Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation) and, if not normally distributed, as median with interquartile range. Continuous measures’ statistical associations with lung injury were evaluated with the Kruskal–Wallis test. Differences in categorical measures’ associations were tested using the Chi-square test when expected cell counts were adequate, otherwise Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact test was used with low expected cell counts. Bold values are statistically significant.