Table 1. Comparison of different methods and their efficient applications .

Method	Type	Encapsulating efficiency (%)	Benefits	Drawbacks
Film rehydration	Solvent-free	3-95%	Simple technique, requires no special equipment, a benefit for synthesizing large molecules due to solvent-free nature.	Results in polymersomes of high polydispersity, the tedious downstream recovery process
Direct hydration	Solvent-free	40-90 %	A short time of preparation (˂1 h), maintains the biological activity of encapsulated molecules	Small scale, not recommended for thermosensitive molecules.
Nanoprecipitation	Solvent- displacement	> 90%	A scalable and rapid method for polymersomes production	Use of organic solvents limited to hydrophobic drugs
Microfluidic	Solvent-free/ Solvent displacement	20-85%	No further post-processing steps are involved, complex structures can be formulated easily, control over polymersomes size	Low productivity, limitations on morphology
Double emulsion	Solvent displacement	50-80%	High encapsulating efficiency for hydrophilic moieties	Tedious process for solvent recovery, denaturation of macromolecules