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. 2023 Jun 19;20:126. doi: 10.1186/s12985-023-02085-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Humoral immune responses induced by various protective antigens of MPXV. BALB/c mice (n = 5) were immunized twice with different PAs or mixed PAs with or without AddaVax adjuvant, and 10⁷ TCID₅₀/mL MVA as a positive control. On day 35 postimmunization, sera were collected to determine humoral immune responses induced by various MPXV PAs. (A) The titers of IgG antibody against MVA were evaluated by ELISA assay. MVA strain was used as ELISA antigen. Comparing the levels of IgG antibody among the adjuvanted antigen group and the non-adjuvanted antigen group, the asterisk * indicates a significant difference (P < 0.05) detected by T-test analysis. (B) MVA-neutralizing antibody titers were determined by PRNT. Comparing the vaccination effect among MPXV PAs and PBS groups, the asterisk * indicates a significant difference (P < 0.05) detected by one-way ANOVA.