Table 2.
Characteristics of Included Studies
| No | Author/ Year | Title | Purpose | Origin | Sample | Design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mo et al., 2020 | Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against the COVID-19 epidemic | To investigate the work stress among Chinese nurses supporting Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 infection and the relevant influencing factors. | China | 180 | Cross-sectional |
| 2 | Sagherian et al., 2020 | Insomnia, fatigue and psychosocial well-being during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey of hospital nursing staff in the United States | To describe the levels of insomnia, fatigue and inter-shift recovery, and psychological well-being (burnout, post-traumatic stress and psychological distress), and examine differences in these measures based on work-related characteristics among nursing staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. | United States | 587 | Cross-sectional |
| 3 | Arnetz et al., 2020 | Nurses Report of Stressful Situations during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative Analysis of Survey Responses | To explore perceptions of the most salient sources of stress in the early stages of the coronavirus pandemic in a sample of U.S. nurses. | United States | 455 | Cross-sectional survey |
| 4 | Cai et al., 2020 | Nurses endured high risks of psychological problems during the epidemic of COVID-19 in a longitudinal study in Wuhan China | To assess the magnitude of the psychological status and associated risk factors among nurses in the pandemic centre in Wuhan, China. | China | 709 (during the outbreak) and 621 (during the stable period) | Longitudinal survey |
| 5 | Coffré & Aguirre, 2020 | Feelings, Stress, and Adaptation Strategies of Nurses against COVID-19 in Guayaquil | To explore the feelings, stress factors, and adaptation strategies of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic | Ecuador | 155 | A cross-sectional, descriptive study |
| 6 | Galletta et al., 2021 | Worries, Preparedness, and Perceived Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Nurses’ Mental Health | To analyse how risk factors such as perceived impact, preparedness for the pandemic, and worries associated with mental health outcomes (crying, rumination and stress) in nurses. | Italy | 894 | Cross-sectional study design |
| 7 | Marthoenis et al., 2021 | Investigating the burden of mental distress among nurses at a provincial COVID-19 referral hospital in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study | To assess the burden of depression, anxiety, and stress, and explore if socio-demographic factors affect mental distress variables among nurses working at the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia | Indonesia | 491 | Cross-sectional survey |
| 8 | Poortaghi et al., 2021 | Exploring nursing managers’ Perceptions of nursing workforce management during the Outbreak of COVID-19: a content analysis study | To explore nurse managers’ perception of workforce management during the COVID-19 pandemic | Iran | 15 | Descriptive qualitative design |
| 9 | Sadang, 2021 | The lived experience of Filipino Nurses’ Work in COVID-19 Quarantine Facilities: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study | To explore and describe the meaning of nurses’ work in the community quarantine facilities of Lanao del Sur Province amidst the COVID-19 pandemic | Philippine | 12 | Descriptive Phenomenological study |
| 10 | Lorente et al., 2021 |
Nurses´ stressors and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of coping and Resilience |
This study analyses the cross-sectional effect of sources of stress during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic on nurses´ psychological distress, with a focus on the mediating role of coping strategies, both problem-focused and emotion-focused and resilience. | Spain | 421 | Cross-sectional study |
| 11 | Moradi et al., 2021 | Challenges experienced by ICU nurses throughout the provision of care for COVID-19 patients: A qualitative study | To explore the challenges experienced by ICU nurses throughout the provision of care for COVID-19 patients | Iran | 17 | Qualitative descriptive |
| 12 | Xiong et al., 2020 | The Psychological Status and Self-Efficacy of Nurses During COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey | To examine the psychological status and self-efficacy of nurses still working in public hospitals during the COVID-19 outbreak, and explore the relationships among demographic variables, anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy. | China | 223 | Descriptive cross-sectional survey |
| 13 | L. Zhang et al., 2021 | Burnout in Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: New Challenges for public health | To assess burnout in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic | China | 336 | Cross-sectional survey |
| 14 | Zheng et al., 2021 | Prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety, and stress among Hubei paediatric nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic | To evaluate the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among Hubei paediatric nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyse the potential factors associated with them | China | 614 | Cross-sectional study |
| 15 | Waage et al., 2021 | Sleep patterns among Norwegian nurses between the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic | To investigate sleep patterns among Norwegian nurses, after the first wave, during a period with very low rates of COVID-19. | Norway | 1261 | Cohort study |
| 16 | X. Zhang et al., 2021 | Psychological and occupational impact on healthcare workers and its associated factors during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China | To assess the psychological and occupational impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on HCWs and to identify the risk and protective factors contributing to adverse outcomes. | China | 946 | Survey |
| 17 | Zhan et al., 2020 | The Current Situation and Influencing Factors of Job Stress Among Frontline Nurses Assisting in Wuhan in Fighting COVID-19 | To explore the current situation and influencing factors of job stress among clinical first-line nurses fighting COVID-19. | China | 110 | Survey |
| 18 | McFadden et al., 2021 | A Cross-Sectional Examination of the Mental Wellbeing, Coping and Quality of Working Life in Health and Social Care Workers in the UK at Two Time Points of the COVID-19 Pandemic | To compare cross-sectional data collected from health and social care professionals in the UK at two different time points (Phase 1: May–July 2020; Phase 2: Nov 2020–Jan 2021) during the COVID-19 pandemic. | United Kingdom | Phase 1: 3290 Phase 2: 3499 responses | Cross-sectional survey |
| 19 | Nowell et al., 2021 | A grounded theory of clinical nurses’ process of coping during COVID-19 | To explore clinical nurses’ process of coping during COVID-19 and develop a grounded theory that can be used by leaders to support clinical nurses during a disaster. | Canada | 20 | Grounded Theory |
| 20 | Fteropoulli et al., 2021 | Beyond the physical risk: Psychosocial impact and coping in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic | To examine the psychosocial impact and identify risk factors for poor psychosocial outcomes in healthcare professionals during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Cyprus. | Cyprus | 1071 | Cross-sectional study |
| 21 | AlJhani et al., 2021 | Burnout and coping among healthcare providers working in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic | to estimate the frequency and level of burnout and its association with coping strategies among physicians and nurses in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 Pandemic | Saudi Arabia | 403 | Cross-sectional study |
| 22 | Molero-Jurado et al., 2021 | Coping Strategies as a Mental Health Protection Factor of Spanish Nurses during COVID-19 | To analyze the relationships between nurses’ coping strategies and health, with attention to factors related to the perceived threat and/or someone close to them is COVID-19 positive. | Spain | 351 | Cross-sectional study |
| 23 | Cui et al., 2021 | Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety, Stress, and Coping Styles in Nurses in Emergency Departments and Fever Clinics: A Cross-Sectional Survey | To identify the impact of COVID-19 on the psychology of Chinese nurses in emergency departments and fever clinics and to identify associated factors. | China | 453 | Cross-sectional survey |
| 24 | Alameddine et al., 2021 | Factors Associated with the Resilience of Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic | To determine the level of resilience in the nursing workforce and its relationship to burnout, intention to quit, and perceived COVID-19 risk. | Lebanon | 511 | Cross-sectional study |
| 25 | Htay et al., 2021 | How healthcare workers are coping with mental health challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic? - A cross-sectional multi-countries study | To investigate the coping strategies among healthcare workers from different countries and their attitude towards teamwork during the COVID-19 pandemic. | Albania, Egypt, Iraq, Kenya, Mozambique, Myanmar, Palestine, Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe | 2166 | Cross-sectional study |
| 26 | Kotrotsiou et al., 2021 | Investigating Nurses Stress Response Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic | To explore both the stress response strategies of Greek nurses’ parties working in Greece and Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic and the degree of potential correlation between socio-demographic data and response strategies | Greece, the UK and Australia | 550 | Survey |
| 27 | Engelbrecht et al., 2021 | Post-Traumatic Stress and Coping Strategies of South African Nurses during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic | To investigate post-traumatic stress and coping strategies of nurses during the second wave of COVID-19 in the country | South Africa | 286 | Cross-sectional survey |
| 28 | Hummel et al., 2021 | Mental Health Among Medical Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Eight European Countries: Cross-sectional Survey Study | To compare the mental health of medical professionals with nonmedical professionals in different European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic | Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Portugal, Austria, Italy, and Switzerland | 609 | Cross-sectional Study |
| 29 | Norman et al., 2021 | Moral distress in frontline healthcare workers in the initial epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: Relationship to PTSD symptoms, burnout, and psychosocial functioning | To identify common dimensions of COVID-19 moral distress; and to examine the relationship between moral distress, and positive screening for COVID19‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, burnout, and work and interpersonal functional difficulties | United States | 2579 | Survey |
| 30 | Ali et al., 2021 | Major Stressors and Coping Strategies of Frontline Nursing Staff During the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2020 (COVID-19) in Alabama | To investigate the major stressors and coping strategies reported by nurses working directly with potentially infectious patients in Alabama, United States, during the COVID-19 pandemic. | United States | 109 | Cross-sectional survey |
| 31 | Norful et al., 2021 | Primary Drivers and psychological manifestations of Stress in the frontline healthcare workforce during the Initial COVID-19 Outbreak in the United States | To understand the physical and psychological impact of high-stress clinical environments and contributory factors of burnout in the multidisciplinary healthcare workforce during the initial outbreak of COVID-19. | United States | 55 | Qualitative study |
| 32 | Jerg-Bretzke et al., 2021 | Psychosocial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Workers and Initial Areas of Action for Intervention and Prevention—The egePan/VOICE Study | To describe and analyze specific areas of workload among different groups of healthcare workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. | Germany | 7542 | Survey |
| 33 | Said and El-Shafei, 2020 | Occupational Stress, job satisfaction, and Intent to Leave: nurses working on the front lines during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Zagazig City, Egypt | To assess occupational stress, job satisfaction, and intent to leave among nurses dealing with suspected COVID-19 patients | Egypt | 420 | Cross-sectional study |
| 34 | Alameddine et al., 2021 | Resilience of nurses at the epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon | To investigate the level and factors associated with the resilience of nurses practising at the main COVID-19 referral centre in Lebanon. | Lebanon | 265 | Cross-sectional survey |
| 35 | Hamama et al., 2021 | Psychological distress and perceived job stressors among hospital nurses and physicians during the COVID-19 outbreak | To examine self-reported job-related stressors induced by the COVID-19 pandemic and psychological distress among hospital nurses and physicians | Israel | 172 | Cross-sectional design |
| 36 | Kowalczuk et al., 2021 | Relationships Between Sleep Problems and Stress Coping Strategies Adopted by Nurses Including Socio-Occupational Factors | To investigate relationships between excessive sleepiness and insomnia in interaction with selected socio-occupational factors and stress-coping strategies among nurses | Poland | 448 | Cross-sectional design |
| 37 | Khatatbeh et al., 2021 | The Experiences of Nurses and Physicians Caring for COVID-19 Patients: Findings from an Exploratory Phenomenological Study in a High Case-Load Country | To explore the lived experience of physicians and nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in Jordan. | Jordan | 26 | Interpretative phenomenology |
| 38 | Hong et al., 2021 | Resilience and Work-Related Stress May Affect Depressive Symptoms in Nursing Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era | To investigate the effect of nursing professionals’ resilience on their mental health, work-related stress, and anxiety in response to the COVID-19 pandemic | South Korea | 824 | Survey |
| 39 | Lee et al., 2021 | Risk Perception, Unhealthy Behavior, and Anxiety Due to Viral Epidemic Among Healthcare Workers: The Relationships with Depressive and Insomnia Symptoms During COVID-19 | To investigate the relationship between mental health problems and unhealthy behaviours among healthcare workers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic | South Korea | 406 | Survey |
| 40 | Betke et al., 2021 | Sense of coherence and strategies for coping with stress among nurses | To describe the specific relationship between the sense of coherence and strategies for coping with stress in a group of professionally active nurse | Poland | 91 | Survey |
| 41 | Chui et al., 2021 | The COVID-19 Global Pandemic and Its Impact on the Mental Health of Nurses in Malaysia | To assess the impact of psychological distress that COVID-19 has on nurses and their coping strategies. | Malaysia | 859 | Cross-sectional survey |
| 42 | Abuatiq and Borchardt, 2021 | The Impact of COVID-19: Nurses’ Occupational Stress and Strategies to Manage It | To explore the occupational stress perception of nurses and how they manage it during the COVID-19 pandemic | United States | 236 | Cross-sectional survey |
| 43 | Marcolongo et al., 2021 | The Role of Resilience and Coping among Italian healthcare workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic | To evaluate the psychological state of healthcare workers (HCWs) in the field of rehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic | Italy | 334 | Cross-sectional study |
| 44 | McFadden et al., 2021 | The Role of Coping in the Wellbeing and Work-Related Quality of Life of UK Health and Social Care Workers during COVID-19 | To examine the relationship between coping strategies and well-being and quality of working life in nurses, midwives, allied health professionals, social care workers and social workers who worked in health and social care in the UK during its first wave of COVID-19 | United Kingdom | 3425 | Cross-sectional study |
| 45 | Labrague and de los Santos, 2020 | Fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses | To examine the relative influence of fear of COVID-19 on nurses’ psychological distress, work satisfaction and intent to leave their organisation and the profession. | Philippines | 261 | Cross-sectional research design |