Table 3.

Histone modification and mechanism during the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.

Histone modifier	Modification	MSC type	Target genes	Mechanism	Ref.
EHMT1	Methylation	BMSC	RUNX2	EHMT1 upregulated the H3K9me2 levels at the promoter of RUNX2, resulting in the repression of osteogenesis.	Huang et al. 102
ASH1L	Methylation	BMSC	OSX RUNX2	ASH1L-mediated H3K4me3 occurred at the promoter regions of OSX and RUNX2, ultimately promoting osteogenic differentiation.	Yin et al. 103
PRMT3	Methylation	MSC	miR-3648	PRMT3 activated the expression of miR-3648 by enhancing H4R3me2a levels at its promoter region, resulting in the promotion of osteogenic differentiation.	Min et al. 104
CARM1	Methylation	BMSC	OCT4 SOX2 ANOG	CARM1 was enriched on OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG promoter sites by enhancing di-methylation of H3R17 of these genes, resulting in the promotion of osteogenesis.	Jo et al. 105
LSD1	Demethylation	BMSC	RUNX2 OCN	LSD1 catalyzed the demethylation of di- and mono-methylation of H3K4 at RUNX2 and OCN promoter regions, resulting in the repression of osteogenic differentiation.	Lv et al. 106
LSD1	Demethylation	ADSC	BMP2 SMAD4	Silencing of LSD1 promoted the osteoblastic potential by stimulating BMP2/SMAD4 signaling pathway.	Ma et al. 107
KDM1A	Demethylation	BMSC	circ_AFF4 FNDC5	KDM1A promoted circ_AFF4 and FNDC5 expression via reducing H3K9me3, thus inducing circ_AFF4 and FNDC5 expression and osteogenesis.	Liu et al. 108
GCN5	Acetylation	ADSC	NF-κB	GCN5 repressed NF-κB-dependent transcription and inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway, thus promoting osteogenic differentiation	Zhang et al. 109
HBO1	Acetylation	ADSC	14-3-3β	HBO1 suppressed the expression of 14-3-3β via increasing its acK49/51 acetylation, resulting in the promotion of osteogenic differentiation.	Frontini-López et al. 110
SIRT6	Deacetylation	MSC	BMP2 BMP4 BMPR1A BMPR1B	SIRT6 promoted osteogenic differentiation through BMP signaling pathway.	Zhang et al. 111
HDAC9	Deacetylation	BMSC	pERK1/2	Silencing of HDAC9 reduced the expression level of pERK1/2 and inhibited osteogenic differentiation.	Wang et al. 112