Moolchan 2005.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: randomised, 3‐arm trial Country: USA Recruitment: community volunteers
Participants	120 adolescent smokers (aged 13 to 17) (≥ 10 cigarettes per day), motivated to quit 30% male, average age 15, average cigarettes per day: 19
Interventions	1) Nicotine patch (21 mg, or 14 mg for < 20 cigarettes per day) for 6 weeks plus placebo gum 2) Nicotine gum (4 mg, or 2 mg for < 24 cigarettes per day) for 6 weeks plus placebo patch 3) Double placebo
Outcomes	PPA at 6 months Validation: CO and cotinine Adverse events: measured during treatment visits (treatment length 12 weeks)
Notes	This study was supported by funds from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program. GlaxoSmithKline (Research Triangle Park, NC) provided study medications (21‐ and 14‐mg Nicoderm, 2‐ and 4‐mg Nicorette, and placebo patch and gum) Conflicts of interest: none
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Quote: "randomized ... according to an algorithm held by the National Institute on Drug Abuse Pharmacy, with true replacement of the non‐completers"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not stated
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Described as "double‐blind, double‐dummy", but no further information
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Losses to follow‐up were included as failures for cessation. Losses fully reported