Table 1:
List of potential mRNA biomarkers in radiation-caused injury in different animal models.
| Gene | Full name | Effect | Study model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDF15 | Growth Differentiation Factor 15 | Cell-cycle arrest | Mouse | (47) |
| CKAP2 | Cytoskeleton-associated protein | Cell-cycle arrest | Mouse | (47) |
| PTPN1 | Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-receptor Type 1 | Survival improvement in mice | Mouse | (48) |
| RALB | RAS like proto-oncogene | Shows radio resistiveness to different tumor types | Mouse | (49) |
| CKB | Creatine Kinase B | Prognostic biomarker for dose dependent radiation exposure | Mouse | (50) |
| CCNA2 | Cyclin A2 | G1/S and G2/M cell cycle regulators | Mouse | (51, 52) |
| SLC25A51 | Solute Carrier Family 25 Member 51 | Mitochondrial NAD+ transporter | Mouse | (21, 52) |
| ACE | Angiotensin-converting enzyme | Inhibition of ACE is associated with hematopoietic recovery following radiation | Mouse | (53) |
| DDA3 | Differential Display And Activated By P53 | Supressing cell growth | Mouse | (54, 55) |
| MPL | MPL Proto-Oncogene, Thrombopoietin Receptor | Associated with survival in radiation-exposed mice | Mouse | (56) |
| GZMH | Granzyme H | NK-cytotoxicity | Baboons | (57, 58) |
| NCR3 | Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3 | NK-cytolysis | Baboons | (57, 58) |
| PRF1 | Perforin 1 | Membrane pore in cytolysis | Baboons | (57, 58) |
| KLRF1 | Killer cell lectin-like receptor F1 | NK-cytolysis | Baboons | (57, 58) |
| GBP2 | Guanylate Binding Protein 2 | Oxidative killing and antiviral activity | Baboons | (59) |
| GLUL | Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase | Synthesis of glutamine | Baboons | (59) |
| CCR7 | C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 7 | Migration of memory T-cells | Baboons | (57) |
| CD117 | KIT Proto-Oncogene, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase | Regulation of cell survival and proliferation | Baboons | (57) |
| RNASE3 | Ribonuclease A Family Member 3 | Antimicrobial function | Baboons | (57) |
| VSIG4 | V-Set And Immunoglobulin Domain Containing 4 | Negative regulator of T-cell proliferation | Baboons | (57) |
| ARG2 | Arginase 2 | Regulation availability of L-arginine to nitric oxid synthase | Baboons | (60) |
| CD177 | CD177 Molecule | Promote neutrophil activation | Baboons | (60) |
| WLS | Wnt Ligand Secretion Mediator | Regulates Wnt proteins sorting | Baboons | (60) |
| PPP3CC | Protein Phosphatase 3 Catalytic Subunit Gamma | T-cell and B cell immune response | Baboons | (59) |
| SH2D1A | SH2 Domain Containing 1A | Stimulation of B- and T-cells | Baboons | (57, 58) |
| ARHGAP45 | Rho GTPase Activating Protein 45 | Migrating cancer and hematopoietic cells | Baboons | (59) |
| HERC5 | HECT Domain And RCC1-Like Domain-Containing Protein 5 | T-cell and B-cell immune response, migrating cancer and hematopoietic cells | Baboons | (59) |
| CDCA7L | Cell Division Cycle Associated 7 Like | Cell cycle regulation | Baboons | (59) |
| NKG7 | Natural Killer Cell Granule Protein 7 | Natural killer (NK)-cytotoxicity | Human | (33, 61) |
| FDXR | Ferredoxin Reductase | Radiation dose estimator | Human | (62–64) |
| ERBB2 | Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 | Reducing apoptosis by activating NFκB-related signaling | Human | (65, 66) |
| FOXM1 | Forkhead box protein M1 | Inhibition of FOXM1 elevate radiation sensitivity | Human | (66) |
| TP53 | Tumor protein p53 | Transcription factors modulating genes which are involved in regulation of irradiated cell cycle | Human | (32, 66) |
| GNLY | Granulysin | NK-cytotoxicity | Human | (33, 61) |
| GZMA | Granzyme A | NK-cytotoxicity | Human | (33, 61) |
| CBR1 | Carbonyl Reductase 1 | Radioprotective in radiotherapy on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, radiosensitivity predictor in oesophageal cancer | Human | (67–70) |
| IGF1R | Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor | Increased radio resistance in chemotherapy if IGF1R is overexpressed | Human | (71) |
| ATF3 | Activating transcription factor 3 | Regulate expression of other genes human myeloid tumor cell line | Human | (72, 73) |
| DDB2 | Damage Specific DNA Binding Protein 2 | Dose-dependent response | Human | (64, 74, 75) |
| XPC | XPC Complex Subunit, DNA Damage Recognition And Repair Factor | Dose-dependent response | Human | (74, 75) |
| GADD45A | Growth Arrest And DNA Damage Inducible Alpha | Radiation induced gene expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes | Human | (72, 74) |
| FDXR and DDB2 Combined with WNT3 and POU2AF1 | FDXR- Ferredoxin Reductase; DDB2- Damage Specific DNA Binding Protein 2; WNT3- Wnt Family Member 3; POU2AF1- POU Class 2 Homeobox Associating Factor 1 | Up-regulation of FDXR and DDB2 Combined with down-regulation of WNT3 and POU2AF1: predictive biomarkers via T- and B-lymphocytes regulation | Human | (76, 77) |
| GPX | Glutathione Peroxidase 1 | Elevated expression in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells for high doses γ-radiation injuries | Human | (78) |
| P21 | Protein 21 | Elevated expression in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells for high doses γ-radiation injuries, upregulation at protein level in irradiated apoptotic PBMCs | Human | (78–80) |
| BAD | BCL2 Associated Agonist Of Cell Death | Upregulation at protein level in irradiated apoptotic PBMCs | Human | (79, 80) |
| XIAP | X-Linked Inhibitor Of Apoptosis | Upregulation at protein level in irradiated apoptotic PBMCs | Human | (79, 80) |
| BAX | BCL2 Associated X, Apoptosis Regulator | Upregulation at protein level in irradiated apoptotic PBMCs | Human | (79, 80) |
| NNMT | Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase | Prevention of Mesenchymal Cancer stem cells in case of radiation-caused injuries | Human | (81) |
| TFPI | Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor | Inhibition of TFPI supress hemophilia, coagulopathy due to radiation exposure decreases clotting ability | Human | (82, 83) |
| MMP9 | Matrix metalloproteinase-9 | Involve in degradation of extracellular matrix proteins and activates cytokines for tissue remodelling | Human | (69, 70) |
| ANXA2 | Annexin A2 | Regulate nuclear factor κB nuclear translocation to prevent radiation-induced apoptosis | Human | (84, 85) |
| TNFSF4 | TNF Superfamily Member 4 | Lymphocyte activation | Human | (86) |
| KIF20A | Kinesin Family Member 20A | Provide radio-resistance | Human | (86) |
| PSRC1 | Proline/serine-rich coiled-coil protein 1 | Regulation of mitotic spindle dynamics | Human | (86) |
| CDCA3 | Cell division cycle-associated 3 | Modulation of cell cycle progression | Human | (86) |
| NFKBIA | NF-Kappa-B Inhibitor Alpha | Decreasing growth in cancer lineages and increase in apoptosis by Blocking NF-kB | Human | (69, 70) |
| AURKA | Aurora Kinase A | Increase in radiosensitivity due to inhibition of AURKA | Human | (87, 88) |
| ANXA1 | Annexin A1 | Improving prognosis in radiation-caused lung injuries | Human | (89) |
| ZAP70 | Zeta Chain of T-Cell Receptor Associated Protein Kinase 70 | Deficiency is associated with loss of T-cells | Human | (69, 70, 90) |
| GADD45 | Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha | Inhibits entry of cells into S phase | Human | (72, 73, 75, 86) |
| PCNA | Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen | Control of eukaryotic DNA replication, elevated expression in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells for high doses γ-radiation injuries | Human | (33, 36, 78) |
| BRD4 | Bromodomain-Containing Protein 4 | BRD4 inhibition improve cancer cell survival following irradiation | Human | (69, 70, 91) |
| MCL1 | MCL1 Apoptosis Regulator | Protects against apoptosis caused by radiation exposure | Human | (92) |
| MDM2 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 | Ubiquitination of p53/TP53 | Human | (72–74) |
| MYD88 | Innate Immune Signal Transduction Adaptor | Prevent fibrosis and long term damage due to radiation exposure | Human | (93) |
| XRCC1 | X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 | DNA repair | Human | (78) |
| IDH3B | Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (NAD(+) 3 Beta | IDH3B helps in generating NADH which is a radioprotective for mouse intestine | Human | (69, 70, 94) |
| STAT4 | Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 4 | Promotion of IL-12 response | Baboons, Mouse | (57, 95) |
| WNT3 | Wnt Family Member 3 | Canonical Wnt signalling pathway | Baboons, Human | (57, 64) |
| POU2AF1 | POU domain class 2-associating factor 1 | Response of B-cells to antigens | Baboons, Human | (57, 64, 76, 77) |
| CDKN1A | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 | Inhibition of cellular proliferation in response to DNA damage, radiation-induced gene expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, dose-dependent response, cell-cycle arrest | Mouse, Human | (47, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 86) |
| LGALS1 | Lectin Galactoside-Binding Soluble | Induction of cell death | Mouse, Human | (54) |